Black Holes In Indian Ocean

an interesting thing i found……..worth a read……specially for people interested in subs…..

Black holes in Indian Ocean

In October 1999, the last of ten submarines in starting Diesel-electric, constructed for India, in the frame of the contract signed in 1997, removed from shipyards of Saint Petersburg. This release was christened validly in the West of the term of Black holes in Indian Ocean. It is necessary to know, that once the last key brought to this last submarine, the spring 2.000, the whole factory should be conceded to India which will construct its own submarines. This huge market of ten classical submarines, transferred by India with Russia, would cost to India, according to experts, approximately 1,5 billion dollars.

Simultaneously, at the International Fair of Arms of New Delhi, the Russian business concern Rosvooruzheniye, intermediary of Shipyards of Admiralty in the world market, represented the fourth generation of the submarines constructed in Saint Petersburg, l’Amour-1650, at the presence of the Indian Minister of Defence, George Fernandes. The construction of this new model had already began, and should be completed in 2001 or 2002. According to Gennadi Makarov, the general director adjoint of the Central bureau of the equipment of Fleet, this new submarine is constructed with a new steel type which has no any equivalent in the world, and includes the best characteristics of Russian submarines, namely, concealment limits (decrease in depth), high fighting capacity, and reliability. It will be equipped with last model of torpedos 91-RE-2 (10).

October, 3, 2000, the new President of Russia Vladimir Putin was meat in New Delhi, as the representative of the country considered as an ancient friend and a strong ally, despite of high and bottoms, lived since 1991. In the frame of the strategic agreement on partnership which the two countries have signed, it was decided to create an intergovernmental Commission on military technical cooperation over which two Ministers of Defence will supervise. Mister Brajesh Mishra, adviser for state security of the Indian Prime minister has specified, that the negotiations have proceeded for purchase by India of 310 carriages T90S for approximately 700 million dollars, an aircraft carrier Admiral Gorchkov, whose restoration by India will cost 750 million dollars, and for manufacturing under the license in India of the plane of fight of multi-role Sukho-30 MK. The mark of trust shown in relation to the ally, the President Putin, was invited the next day to visit in the company of some Russians scientists the Centre of nuclear researches Bhabha (BARC) in Trombay, near Bombay which makes the heart of the Indian nuclear research, military, as well as civil (11).

The second priority authorized by India and Russia during the visit of the President Putin is the development of their mutual trade which stands to 1,6 billion dollars on the average per one year, against 5,5 billion before the disappearance of the USSR. This sharp fall of exchanges in 1991-1992 is caused by the dispute concerning an exchange rate of exchange between Rupee and Rouble. Russia demanded a debt of 16 billion dollars while India considered, that it was obliged only 12 billion dollars. When Russia became a member of the World bank and the International currency fund, India considered, that its russian partner should apply since then the international rates of exchange, and also the special exchange rates of exchange condemned by it artificial, applied by the Soviet Union.

During the visit of the President Yeltsin in January 1993, a regulation was found : two countries have come to the agreement that 63 % of the debt of India to be compensated in 12 years, or up to 2005, in the interest rate of 2,4 %, being based on an exchange rate of 19,9 rupees for rouble, an established rate in January, 1-st, 1990. This represented a (discount) of the precise debt of 32 % to India. The remaining 37 % of the capital would be compensated for 45 years, or up to 2038, without interest, and in an exchange rate of 3,1 rupees to rouble, six times more favourable to India. The set of payment would be made under a kind of the Indian goods (12).

In August 1994, a commercial report identified new areas of cooperation between India and Russia, in the industry of aluminium, zinc and copper, researches and development in metallurgy of iron. Bilateral trade in iron and steel has increased also. So, the relations were took away with Leningradsky Metalworks, which stores 9 % of sectors of the global market in its area. During the wreck of the USSR, this company has stopped the deliveries of India. In middle of 1995, it negotiated for the contract with Orissa State Electricity Board for modernization of the electromain lines. Another company, International Consortium Mekor, joint venture of 11 Russian experts in the industry of paper weight, which is interested again in India (13).

In import of Russia, India comes meanwhile far beyond Germany, China, Italy, Japan, USA and France. Meanwhile, the question is of official statistics which do not return precisely the reality, because, taking into account the weight of procedures and the quantitative restrictions, imposed by russian authorities the majority of Indian businessmen prefer to export to Russia through the countries of the third world such, as Singapore or kingdoms of the Gulf where the trade is free from any obstacle.

During visit of the President of Putin to India in October 2000, it was thus decided to establish the intergovernmental commission to make active trade between two countries, and to try to facilitate the procedures. The President of Russia has ratified, that his country was ready to take part in development of the Indian infrastructure, in all areas. During a press conference, Brajesh Mishra, the adviser for state security of the Indian prime minister, has declared : “there is already, a cooperation in nuclear area, and the negotiations proceed”.

The third stage of cooperation between India and Russia concerns foreign policy. The chief of Russian diplomacy, Igor Ivanov, has presented the new russian doctrine of foreign policy. Approved in June, 30, the President Putin, this text supports the multipolar world in relation to the domination of USA. The tendency to installation of the unipolar world with an economic and military domination of USA amplifies (…), and Russia will try to create a multipolar system in the international relations, specifies the text. The Russian diplomacy will support in need on the prospecting services, when the competence of diplomats will not be sufficient, has specified M. Ivanov during his press conference. In this context, Asia has a growing importance for Russia, in view of its geographical position and in view of the necessity to develop the regions of Siberia and the Extreme East, specifies the text, which emphasizes, that the relations with China and India are one of the major objectives of Russian foreign policy in Asia. Russia understands to strengthen its partnership with India which army, we have seen it, is equipped in 70 % of arms of the russian concept (14).

One of the main fields of cooperation between Russia and India might be the struggle against islamic movements in Asia. According to the new doctrine, the conflict in Afghanistan concerns directly the interests of Russia, which will prevent the export of the terrorism and of the extremism from this country. According to the russian diplomacy, this targets the islamic bases in Afghanistan where are engaged, according to it, the Chechen insurgents. Russia threatened in June with the start-up of preliminary pressing against these bases. From its part, India is always in struggle against moslems terrorists of Cashmere maintained, or at least, beared by the nearby Pakistan. According “Times of India”, the President Putin has clearly decided to support the Indian authorities in their struggle against the acts of terrorism actions in Cashmere, actions which it has approached however to operation in Afghanistan and in provinces of the south of Russia. The Indo-Russian strategic partnership will take all sense, affirm the same newspaper if it may build the bases of a strategy of neutralization of terrorism of religious inspiration in the Central Asia, in Afghanistan, in Pakistan and in Cashmere and if is capable to bring the decision to the problem of drug traffic which is indissoluble (15).
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