Look at the maximum range of the SAMs carried by AEGIS and the range of the Kh-31, any model, and you will have your answer.

Of course if you can lure that AEGIS class ship into coastal waters, or near islands or near neutral shipping/airlanes then you might get first shot, but same could be said with longer range missiles that allow the aircraft to stand off and attack things.

Against an average destroyer the Kh-31 is a very fast and generally likely to be effective weapon. Against uber ships you will need to use lots and its lack of range will count against it more than its speed will count for it.

Handy for zapping patrol boats, pirate boats, speed boats etc, but longer range subsonic or supersonic model would be better for larger stuff.