Will a composite fuselage be able to survive such catastrophic damage?

Sure, they don’t differ so much in design, so the load paths are similar. Structure is designed for ultimate loads, that is maximum load in service with a factor of 1.5 added. So, when flown carefully there are plenty of reserves.
The ALOHA flight crew didn’t exercise a 2.5g pitch-up or a hard landing, which normally designs the forward fuselage upper shell (and pressurization wasn’t an issue any more).