I’m aware that RCS can vary with different bands, however we don’t know what sort of reductions that may have been made in metric etc… An F-22 is still not going to be as reflective as a conventional design though.
RCS is what an object looks like to a radar, based upon the amount of RF energy that is returned. A missile can have a much higher RCS, than an aircraft that is shaped properly, and coated in radar absorbant material. There’s no apparent reduction about it. It’s not the size, as a properly shaped object the size of an aircraft carrier, could still have very low returns.
Those graphics show the range in proportion of the real target size, not the apparent reduction, as I explained earlier. Those graphics have also in account an ECM enviornment, hence the 50kms range, exactly as my link says. Not a fan of Kopp´s works, but he knows about radars, perhaps you should see this?
http://www.ausairpower.net/DT-Rus-VHF-Radar-2008.pdf
The RCS of the B-2, F-22, and F-35, are not apparent. That’s their actual size, when viewed by radar. You’re confusing actual size, with RCS, and they are completely separate things. When ECM is added, thise ranges will go down even more, and that’s why passive stealth is considered such a game changer(and why the Russians/Chinese are working on their own aircraft).
I cited their max detection range, not engagement range of fighters. Yes, the Barrier is a radar system and not a radar itself, I got confused (It happens to the best of us!)
But you seem to ignore the function of these L-bands. Different aircraft give different radar cross sections on radars, and it is proportionate to their size. What “stealth” aircraft do is achieve an “apparent” reduction in RCS through shaping and RAM covers, that is, under normal radars they appear much smaller and it reduces the detection range, hence you need either to get closer or to use more power. But the RCS of stealth aircraft is only apparent. Against metric wavebands the situation is different. These metric waves overhelm the fighter´s shaping and it provides return practically the same as a normal fighter does, so if the stealth fighter has an “apparent” RCS of 0.1 or 0.001, under an L-band it will appear with it´s “true” RCS, 1, 1.5 or 2m. My earlier post proves this point, the Vostok 2D VHF has a max range of 360km, and detects stealth the same as normal targets, from 350kms. Whatever the stealth the aircraft has, it does not produce a significant advantage against these systems. Aircraft can´t breake phisic rules.
There’s nothing apparent about RCS reduction. There’s no breaking the laws of physics going on. In fact it’s physics, that’s responsible for the RCS reduction. The shaping is responsible for minimizing the amount of RF energy that returns to its source, and the RAM assists the shaping, by absorbing RF energy, further reducing the amount that is returned to to source. The shaping/RAM on the B-2, F-22, and F-35 isn’t only effective against one radar band, but is particularly effective vs the centimetric bands(the B-2 especially). Once ECM/EA is added to the equation, and the noise floor is raised, then this provides a synergistic effect to the already low RCS.
I’d love to see the source for VHF/L band radars detecting B-2s, F-22s, and F-35s, at anything approaching 400-500km. The only radars that could accomplish that feat, would be OTH systems, and those most certainly can’t put a SAM in its engagement basket.
You’re doing precisely what I’d mentioned earlier- using the word stealth in a monolithic manner, without context(it makes a big difference on what order of magnitude one’s RCS has been reduced, and even VHF/L band don’t render VLO planes visible at conventional ranges). Without knowing the detection/tracking ranges, resolution/accuracy, etc…vs. targets like the B-2, F-22, and F-35, it’s a bit specious to make assertions about effectiveness. You’re also getting off the topic, of my original response to Plawolf. As for the sensor capabilities, ECCM, missile Pk’s, etc…, I think you’re awfully optimistic about how effective they will be. The fact that the Russians and Chinese are building their own stealthy aircraft should be a clue as to just how obsolete the notion of passive stealth is.
You also have to factor in that any air campaign will be synergistic, in it’s target list(I.e. all aspects of an air defense/C2 network will be targeted in parallel, not serially. This means you can expect attacks on the sensors, weapons, communications network, airbases, command posts, etc…. to be hit in one seamless operation, creating mass confusion.)
Again, is that the variable cost/flight hour only, or are other costs factored in? The mature systems won’t have a lot of the costs, that a new system has.
What extra cost ?
Program costs, base stand up costs, etc… the assertion was that it cost $44k/hr for the F-22, when the actual costs were $19.7k/hr, when the non-flight related costs were removed. The legacy aircraft didn’t have to deal with those costs being added, which is why they had such lower figures. If we look solely at the flight related costs, the F-35 won’t be near $30k+/hr.
– what’s the range accuracy for these radars? What’s the accuracy in a heavy ECM environment?
– IR missiles don’t go active, so…..unless the fire control radar can get the missile within its seeker’s range, this is by no means a fool proof solution.
-you may want to read up on what DIRCM is(hint- it’s not a flare)
-multiple missiles may be fired, but unless my earlier points are addressed by the SAM, this won’t really matter.
-there’ll also be multiple aircraft, multiple inbound weapons, false targets, etc…
-at long range, a non-cooperative target is going to ensure a low Pk. Changes in azimuth or elevation, will quickly reduce the WEZ.
The best hope against VLO aircraft, is a system such as this, but utilized when the aircraft is already within the NEZ. That will minimize the reaction time, whilst reducing the likelihood of defeating the missile kinematically. Of course the missile will still have to deal with the DIRCM, and the launcher’s location will now be known by everyone in the network.
I wonder how long it will be before someone does away with the radar homer and puts a good IR sensor onto of a long range SAM.
Use long wave radar to get an approximate location for the stealth to get the missile close enough for the seeker to take over.
Best way to counter stealth is to not try to beat it at its own game.
Just a few issues here:
-you’re giving far too much credit to the accuracy of long wave radar, and the range that an IR seeker in an AAM can detect a fighter.
-you’re ignoring IR reduction on the stealthy target
-you’re ignoring defensive aids(I.e. DIRCM)
-you’re ignoring the fact that at long range, the SAM can be defeated by change of direction/altitude
So it is possible to do these types of development in less than 15+ years.
Why do we then accept these long development cycles and even try to defend them as though they came down from high altar?
I still think a change in mindset and a paradigm shift is required and also utilising newer technology in the actual a/c, if that is also a problem.
Ivan
You may want to refer to the post immediately preceding yours. It’s entirely possibile to design and field an aircraft quicker than the F-22/35. Of course if they’re going to operate against the threats of the next 30-40yrs(and hope to survive), then they’re going to be complex, and require cutting edge technology.
I believe upfront cost of F-35 will eventually be roughly around Rafale/EF levels.
As for the total cost, what count most is operational cost,
and i believe Rafale & EF is roughly comparable to F-18 in operational cost. (slightly less)
I also believe in the saying “a pic says more then a thousand words”
For a two engine fighter, operational cost is ~> 2/3 of total cost,
F-16 can be expected to weigh in at ~1/2 & Gripen <1/3 of total cost,
so F-35 break of this thumb of rule must be attributed to
1] an extra-ordinary big engine and 2] RAM treatment
The first question to ask, is which method is being used to assess the cost/hour, for the F-35. If it’s not the variable cost per flying hour, then the figures are going to be skewed. A similar criticism was hurled at the F-22 vs the F-15, but it included extra costs, not related to actual operating costs. It would appear that the same mistake is being made here(especially considering that the F-35’s RAM is less maintenance intensive).
Just for purposes of comparison, the F-22’s variable cost/flying hour, was ~$19.7k/hr in 2008 vs the F-15’s $17.4k/hr.
I don’t think it will get down to the price of Eurofighter, the most expensive of “the less capable competitors”.
I don’t see why it wouldn’t be able to match or beat the Eurofighter (or Rafale), in price, once in full rate production.
You have to look at the causes of the earlier delays, and ask if those conditions are still representative. Then you need to look at the pace of the program since those conditions changed, and how quickly fixes are implemented if and when necessary. Then you also have to look at other programs, and take note that they too suffer delays, and increased costs. When taken holistically, the F-35 program is doing pretty well, considering the unprecedented level of technological innovations, and complexity. Add in the fact that once in serial production, it will cost less than, less capable competitors(to those who scoff at this, just consider that the LRIP price has already come down by half, without the economies of scale, that serial aircraft will enjoy).
The problem here is the usage of the word stealth(and anti-stealth for that matter), in a monolithic manner. Under the correct conditions, the SA-3 was demonstrated to have some counter-stealth capability. The term anti-stealth means nothing without context.