Looks great.
What are the parameters which control beamwidth? I always taught about a AESA that concentrates the RF energy via resonance and hence achieves greater ranges. At some point the amount of airspace electronically scanned would increase the time for a complete scan of the hemisphere too much. But for specialized purposes such as target illumination, could the beamwidth be significantly improved compared to a PESA?
Thanks.
The beamwidth of the AESA is directly controlled by the number of its elements, which govern the physical dimension of the antenna. Weighting algorithm can later be introduced to control radiation pattern. However one cannot really make beam narrower unless the antenna is enlarged.
In the calculator the basic equation to calculate beamwidth is :
[ATTACH=CONFIG]252020[/ATTACH]
The resulting beamwidth is later multiplied by the “Beamwidth factor” or “K” from the tapering algorithm drop down menu.
Great work.. congrats.. far more advanced and detailed that I could ever have gathered together.
one thing if I might ask.. is it possible to upgrade a radar with an antenna of a certain aperture and certain amount of elements by replacing the antenna with a different one with larger TRM count? Say your APG-77 has 2,000 TRMs, today, could it get a 2,700-TRM array one day? I am quite sure that the R&D and technology enable to pack the TRMs into tighter space, but ain’t the physical dimensions of the emitter/receiver limited/dictated by the respective radar band?
thanks
Apparently that’s the plan for US AMDR Radar, where they have some sort of “common module” block. So what you need to “upgrade” is Physical space. For fighter radar tho, i am not so sure as the space and power generation there is very premium.
There is of course another consideration of using less modules than what an antenna can actually accommodate like cost or RCS reduction, from edge treatment. Other possible consideration is cost as we know TR module is still an expensive item. Cost issue become critical if you desire to use higher frequency (say 94 Ghz AESA) and wish for a full array. you would need thousands of modules.
Anyway related to cost, i included a small chart depicting several factor and their relations to wavelength. As you see cost increase exponentially when you move to higher frequency (shorter wavelength)
The size of the AESA T-R module is governed by physics. The width is the primary dimension, where it need to be about half wavelength. So for X-band the module’s width would be about 1.5 cm for 3 cm operational wavelength. Technology can only goes as far as packaging, cooling and materials.
Very detail , i love it.
Thanks a lot. 😀
Israel is intruding a sovereign Nation Airspace and launching weapons there.
Thus it’s legal for Syrian to shoot.
but well.. i believe some people will say otherwise.
I have heard that AESA GaN has jamming capability, lower power consumption, the range farther, less heat output than AESA GaAs. Does anyone have any comments?
The one using GaN is expected to have larger output power compared to its GaAs sibling. How much larger. Theoretically 10-50 times AFAIK. if a GaAs module can do 10 watts.. same module of GaN can do 50 watts.
Main benefit of GaN over GaAs is higher breakdown voltage compared to GaAs. Thus it can take more electric power and convert into EM power.
Power consumption is still dependent on module efficiency which, so far never exceed 50%. and No..with GaN you will have heat problem. In fact the GaN introduction practically changed the challenge of AESA, from getting viable output power into how one actually cope with the heat flux from the module.
i thought this one had big control problems no?
The only problem with Ye-8 was immature engine.
Ye-8.
Misunderstanding-sorry.
Indeed, here is the UAC statement:
And a nice pic of the recently repaired Geophysica:
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will it serve as reconnaissance like U-2 ? Or just a research plane ?
I still dont understand , bandwidth = upper frequency -> lower frequency , frequency is revolution per second so why would a shorter transmitter pulse have wider frequency ? if i understand it correctly , wouldnt frequency is the same whether the pulse long or short ? Or bandwidth here have different meaning ?
I dont understand their graph , their represent of bandwidth for last one make sense but the 2 first one are very confusingAnd what are time side lobes ?
The third graph depicting LFM (Linear frequency modulation) Is where the radar pulse consist of several “subpulses” that raised or lowered linearly. Thus why the bandwidth of the pulse is determined by the upper and lower frequency of the LFM process.
For the second graph, that depicts Phase coded pulse. Where the pulse compression sub pulses is generated by Modulating the phase of the pulse, (say -180 and 180 degrees) Frequency of phase modulated signal can remain the same. The bandwidth is determined by the width of the sub-pulses.
The first graph depict uncompressed pulse with no LFM or phase modulation. Thus have no pulse compression and the bandwidth is essentially reciprocal of the pulse width itself.
Regarding time-range sidelobe. This link below summarized it
http://www.radartutorial.eu/08.transmitters/Intrapulse%20Modulation.en.html
Sorry if iam too thick, but i really struggle to understand this .So you saying the bandwidth of the reciever must be wide to be able to process a short pulse ?
The receiver bandwidth basically have to match the bandwidth of the transmitter pulse. So yes.
Can someone explain to me why shorter pulses have higher bandwidth ?
Because bandwidth of a pulse is defined in the receiver. Not the frequency of that pulse.
http://www.radartutorial.eu/09.receivers/rx10.en.html
“The larger the bandwidth of the receiver, the shorter the rise time of the edges of the rectangular pulse.”
thus smaller pulse bandwidth have longer rise time.
I mean a compressed pulse consist of several different frequencies (wide bandwidth) , which mean the radar receiver will have to listence in wider frequency range ( bandwidth ), so more percentage of jamming power will get into radar receiver and increase J/S ratio. For example : if radar can operate between 8-12 Ghz , 4 Ghz total bandwidth , assuming jammer distributed energy over the whole range, for a normal pulse with bandwidth of only 1 Mhz ,then only 0.025% of jamming power will get into radar receiver. For a compressed pulse with 1 Ghz bandwidth ,about 25% of jamming power will get into radar receiver. That a significant different IMHO.
i see. apparently that’s the weaknesses of LFM pulse compression as you depicted above.
http://www.radartutorial.eu/08.transmitters/Intrapulse%20Modulation.en.html
There is an additional factor of polarization which must be addressed which adds to the jamming dilemma. Some antennas work with horizontally polarized signals, some with vertical, some with circular polarization, Etc. Meaning your jammer suite must also account for polarization as well.
Well.. polarization mismatch loss is only about 3Db of power. Most airborne radars are typically horizontal or vertical polarization. You can use Circularly polarized antenna against both types and accept that 3Db loss.
source? (date?)
EW-10X series by David Adamy. It’s from either EW-101 or 102.
So we know that if a jammer doesn’t know exact frequency the radar transmitting ( in case of frequency hoping ) , it will have to spread it power over the whole frequency range that radar may operate , and that will reduce J/S ratio. Which mean the wider the total bandwidth of radar or/and the smaller the bandwidth of its pulse, the harder it would be to jam that radar .We also know that if the jamming signal doesnt contain pulse compression waveform , the J/S ratio will be reduced due to compression factor.However, the more complex the waveform is , the wider the bandwidth of the pulse need to be. Does that mean frequency hoping and pulse compression counter each other somewhat ?
I am not sure what you are trying to convey here.
Complex waveform however may use other modulation technique like pseudorandom or polyphase code which unlike LFM (Chirp) using Phase instead frequency. Thus allow higher compression ratio compared to older LFM.
That is fine but for an aircraft that can at best carry 6 AAM and your conventional radar can track a dozen and guide 4-6 to target and you dont need more than few radar sweep to track and guide , it is not a great advantage that AESA offers.
Well it does increase probability of hit as you can update your AAM more often with target coordinate compared to conventional slotted planar array does. and in case your missile is Semi active. You can simultaneously guide multiple SARH missile to different target like what MiG-31 does. Clearly you want to make all or most of your 6 AAM missile shots counts. ESA does that well. With added benefit of counter jamming and low probability of intercept.
I still never got the hype around AESA , If a conventional Radar like Zhuk-AE can do a good job what is the extraordinary capability an AESA can offer , Its not like conventional radar would simply get jammed facing aesa and the power output that a conventional antenna can throw would easily out range aesa.
If you have a single fighter with conventional mature radar why just dump it for AESA with a small advantage in bandwidth and T/W capability . Even Eurofighter uses conventional radar.
The most important advantage of Electronic scanning lies within it’s rapid beam steering ability. It allows more precision and more update for multiple target tracking. Plus since the beam is computer controlled, you can precisely control how long the beam should stay in an area, thus you can improve Time on Target for scenario line..detection of small RCS target. This is main reason why everyone wants ESA radar.
For Active Array (AESA) Main advantage over conventional slotted planar array like Zhuk ME or PESA like Bars lies within Reliabilty. AESA modules does not have single point power failure common to PESA or Slotted planar array. The AESA can tolerate up to 10% module failure before things got out of control. Conventional or PESA radar using Travelling Wave Tube or other amplifiers like Klystrons.. will fail if TWT fail. Plus AESA modules have long life. TWT or conventional transmitter got only around 200-500 Hrs of MTBF.
Regarding power budget. AESA’s advantage lies in very short path between radiator and the module. Thus having less loss in receive or transmit path. PESA or conventional may have loss associated with waveguide assemblies and antenna feed network.
In the future.. AESA advantage will outweigh its cost, especially when Photonic true time delay got implemented for beamsteering. Phase shifters which historically limit the operational frequency bandwidth for ESA radar will go away. Thus allow the radar to make maximum use of their frequency.
Could someone please tell me exactly what is meant by photonic radar because I see different definitions?
Two major definitions.
The first is Phased array radar where ferrite or bit phase shifters are replaced with Optic fiber, thus making use of “True time delay” principle. Called as Photonics true time delay. The advantage is that it removes bottleneck of operational bandwidth of active array radar. (Phase shifters DO limit radar operational frequency due to phase mismatch in the phase shifter element)
This technique is so far limited by difficulties of implementation as hundreds of precisely matched fiber optic threads must be manufactured for each elements.
One example. a brute force approach
[ATTACH=CONFIG]249179[/ATTACH]
The second defininiton is Photonic radar that use photon entanglement principles. This one is the one “hot” today.
In my view tho the KRET’s Photonics is the Photonics true time delay.
Armed groups mostly Syrian. Jabha Al Shamiye, Zanki & Nusra dominate. Won’t allow a single civilian anywhere near a checkpoint.
Confirmed – rebels are firing mortars into the checkpoint areas making it extremely dangerous to attempt to leave E Aleppo.Confirms pretty much everything I have ever thought about the “moderates”..
this is painful to watch.