I would prefer the Gripen as it was designed for a small airforce and conscript army. Many issues that have been raised like AMRAAM integration, a2g-capability and supercruise are in my view superfluent for the Croatian air force. Such a small air force will hardly join any NATO mission. If they do they do it to show the flag.
The F-16 profits from widespread use (while it will be retired in Belgium, Norway, Italy, Netherlands and Denmark, leaving Greece, Turkey and Poland as users in Europe).
I may add that EU membership may be an issue and that USA is not involved in this process. So, there may be a political side on it, while I must say that Swedens influence on this decision (member or not) is fairly low.
First question is how to define “supersonic in vertical flight”. I guess you mean an effective vertical speed of more than the local speed of sound. That is the vertical speed must be between 340 (low) and 305 (high) meters per second.
Most fighters will be able to achieve this but only under the condition that they accelerate to maximum speed in level flight and zoom up. Even the most powerful fighters will not achieve the 330+ m/s vertical speed in a best climb profile.
Of course they could lift off the runway, accelerate to supersonic speed (up to M1.2-1.3 at low level for current fighters like F-16 or MiG-29) and then zoom up. But that is not the best climb profile.
Because the drag drastically increases beyond M0.95, a supersonic climb would be unefficient. For climb targets beyond 10.000m it might be helpful to accelerate beyond M1, but that also depends on the available power and drag.
In conclusion: No fighter (except maybe for record aircraft) can achieve and sustain supersonic vertical speed in a normal climb profile. But most fighters can transfer horizontal into vertical speed and hence achieve supersonic vertical speed for short periods. These max speed in zoom-up are often given as “Max Climb Speed”. Forget them, they are crap.
Realistic numbers are maximum sustained climb with full internal fuel, “normal” engines and eventually minimum armamment. These numbers vary between 180 and 260 m/s (these speeds are achieved at a certain point in a climb profile, they are not the average). More interesting is the effective climb speed gathered by time from brake release to 10.000m subsonic level-flight. Climb rate is then in the range of 80-100 m/s (for modern fighters).
This is one of those instances where Hollywood has infiltrated our common perception of historical events. This quote was never actually spoken by Yamamato; rather, it was a line written for the movie Tora! Tora! Tora!. It is known, however, that Yamamoto did in fact have reservations about the wisdom of attacking the US, and the movie line was written to illustrate that.
He even opposed plans to attack the USA because he knew about the inadequacy of the Japanese war machine. However, when he was overruled he served his emperor to best effects.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Habor was restricted in many ways, the Japanese needed to be quick and clandestine. They had no possibilities of delaying the action when they realized the US carriers were not in port. The Japanese expected the Americans to be better prepared. When carriers were not in port the cancelled the 3rd wave because they feared counterattack.
All people who think Pearl Habor was a fake and USA (or at least top level commanders) knew about the attack in advance is stupid. Such a move (to attack a fleet base thousands of miles away from the closest base) was considered far too ambitious for any Navy (the USN never did anything comparable). For any US commander the idea of a Pearl Habor attack sounded unrealistic.
The fighting power of the USN wasn’t really touched in Pearl Habor. The loss of so many lives is sad. On the Arizona alone 1100 sailors perished without any useful contribution to the defence. I think that was one of the highest losses the USN ever had to take (Savo Island was at a similar level).
All this talk of FOD for the outboard engines has me wondering. Has anyone looked at a Boeing 737 with the big fans? How about the inboard engines on KC-135s & relatives? Apparently FOD isn’t the issue some mention. Also, ISTR reading somewhere that one drawback to the 4 engined scheme is that the B-52 was designed to lose a max of 2 of 4 engines on either side as opposed to losing 1 of 2 engines on either side. This, combined with the increased thrust, apparently was a concern structurally, as well as aerodynamically.
The issue with losing engines would be an issue for the VTP and control speed. Can’t rate if this problem is for real. But if control at one-engine out is critical, it is a sure showstopper for retrofit-solutions.
Another issue may be flexibility of the wings.
That’s what I kept coming to as well. You’d need to move the outer engine in for some for clearance, but then you’d have to re-do the flaps. If you’re going to reposition to nacelle anf flaps, why not just do a new wing which is probably what kept the AF and Boeing from doing all this in the first place.
Yes, that comes to my mind, too, when I think a little bit about it. It is also a bit tricky, as Boeing did the last wing improvement of the B52 in the early 80s. Maybe someone of you is from UK and has heard of the infamous Nimrod, which marks a clear example of how not to do it (even the A380 can be called a smooth program compared to it).
From the pure economic perpective the re-engine doesn’t look promising. The add-on in performance isn’t necessary at the moment. The only issue would be cracks in the wing structure which necessitate new wings.
The Thrust/Weight ratio of the CFM56 (or the other alternative) is lower than the current engine. The fuel consumption is much lower, too. So, it is maybe possibly to reduce the maximum take-off weight and by that reduce the required thrust. That wouldn’t be a big leap in performance, but fuel can be topped when airborne. The B-52 anyways rarely take-off with MTOW due to the loss of take-off performance and the increased strain on the engines.
Possibly the USAF will decide one day that a completely rebuild wing is the best way forward (would increase the life-span to in-definite periods). Then the engine positions can be changed (more inward).
Why do you write that ? Did someone told you about that ?
Because of this requirement, I believe that the engineers have expected the problem. I think that even when the Rafale is turning hard, its control surfaces aren’t in their max position. This would let them do an additional movement, so as to have the airbrake applied whatever the control surface are doing.
In your paragraph, you suggest that the Rafale can brake only when flying in a straight line, wich is very strange, for any aircraft. But I think that you’re wrong, i think that the control surfaces can move widely enough to maneuver the aircraft and brake at the same time.
Of course it is possible to save the airbrake and partly use flight control surfaces. Beside the limitation, that only control surface not needed for control can be used, other things come in my mind. It will be very challenging from the FCS design perpective. If I use the canards for braking in the air, I must counteract their influence on aircraft attitude.
So I actually have small doubts that much braking capability can be gained from that. Are you sure that it isn’t just for reducing landing distance?
Hmmm onesly I donth blame the people in the west(spesialy north america) for thaer way of thinking the propaganda was very strong and still is. I am in Canada but originaly I am from Bulgaria and I know people from all over the WP and USSR and many of them are realy sory fo the fall of comunisam the only ones that are not are the countries that ware virtualy ocopaed Czech republic, Hungary, and East Germany. Nobady likes invadors no mather. And why do you think Iraq used Soviet tactics, Sadam both wepons and spesialist from all over the world including US and Europe he was using his expirience as well. And USSR was not abale invade the west never had resorces.
And let stop this discusion becouse it’s geting no were.
So, countries where random citizens were not killed by Soviet troops actually liked to be ruled by Moscow?
I would also think of Poland and The Baltics, who did not seem exactly happy about Soviet presence. Eastern Germany had the nice option to send all political “problems” in the West and even charge some money for it.
Why don’t people in Bulgaria vote for a communist government if they miss it that much? They even make it worse by joining the European Union.
Schorsch I left my country and it wasnt political resons.
And agen when you talk comunisam dont talk about Stalin and tell me how is the west diferent. US, Germany, UK and soo on they never had blood on thear hands try thear democratic regimes.And WP was becouse of Germany not Russia(USSR).
And Soviet Union had no plans to atack NATO and if you think they ware just becouse of the propaganda movies that ware runing on the TV stations hare I dont blame you.
I never said that Eastern Europe or Russia wanted to invade Western Europe. Sorry if I don’t fit your prejudice.
You and others have stated the Soviets wanted to invade and occupy all of Europe. Is that not implying that not just Soviet Russia but all of the Soviet Union had the single goal of oppressing all of Europe?
I said that a few might have had plans. So had the West. I never said that Soviet Russia wanted to invade NATO, I just see that you really like me to think that, otherwise I wouldn’t fit the Western stereotype (which would be a shock for you).
There are three powers in the former Soviet Union and now Russia. The Duma, which we in the west would simply call the government, the NKVD/KGB/FSB, and the armed forces. Stalin was all powerful because he had total control of the Duma and the NKVD.
the red army was founded to win the civil war. It wasn’t supposed as defence army against foreign armys first, but had to fight Russian people mostly. Although that changed after Soviet power was established (mid 20s), but the Red Army always was a political instrument (you will tell me now that it is the same in W Europe, but believe me, it’s not).
IS THAT ALL!!! Considering Germany had just initiated a war that cost approximately 25 million Soviet citizens to die, and most of the developed area of the country leveled in bombing or battles I would have thought the treatment of the East German citizens that supported that war effort would be treated worse than the Russians themselves were treated. And considering the Russians are all evil that would include all sorts of terrible torture and unspeakable acts. Those that didn’t flee would certainly have been gassed or sent to siberia surely…
Those who supported the war by the heart were mostly dead. The Soviet Union made some mistakes in the late 40s and actually caused the GDR to be a failed country. They tried to correct but ran out of money.
So what the f is the point of a vote if you don’t even have a choice? Might as well have no vote and let them sort it out themselves.
If you mistrust all possible choices then you might leave the country. In the country where I live in everybody is free to go anytime (granting that others will accept him).
Many also took military secrets to ensure they were given asylum… which made shooting defectors pretty much justifyable.
If that is your opinion, I guess we can suspend discussion about all this democracy stuff now. Obviously you won’t get it in this life.
Most of those who ran were running for a better life, or for the western dream. A fraction of those who ran went back. Life in the west looks better on paper, but there is no guaranteed employment in the west, there is no social security for everyone no matter what. In both communism and democracy there are the haves and the have nots. Getting a vote every 4-5 years doesn’t mean you get a better government. The last vote in all the major western democracies of the world (ie US, UK, Australia, NZ it is certainly the case that I know of) the government that got in got in not because it was what the people wanted, but because the alternative was simply seen as worse than what they already had. Gee, that sounds wonderful doesn’t it. You finally get a chance to vote out those Aholes but the only alternatives are worse than the ones currently in power. Yeah… that is freedom of choice for you…
The former GDR lost about 2.7 million people from 1945 to 1961 (Berlin wall build). After the wall was there another 600.000 people left the country, mostly illegal. Only 40.000 people went the other way, although borders were open.
Of those very few came back (in the time before 1989 one reason was that they would have been jailed for leaving), today Eastern Germany has less people than ever before. After 1991 Germany received well over one million people as refugees from Russia and other former Soviet states. The vast majority does not intent to go back.
The “public vote” is pretty one-sided.
Actually, a lot of people that left Eastern Germany went due to political reasons, not for the money. Again fact against your “mighty Russia defence”.
(Democracy means that you can choose the Ahole in charge. That’s it. It doesn’t save you from being ruled by Aholes.)
Some wonder why I am always defending Russia and its people because they are so evil and the west and the US is soo good.
Because you swith to “DEFEND-Mode” and start to take every sentence as accusation against mighty Russia. Just skimming over your reply, you really take your time to show me that you know everything better. Actually, I am not impressed.
From what I have read and heard (and I know a lot of people who served in Eastern Army) I came to some conclusions myself, which are based on facts. Please don’t try to imply that Soviet Russia had one single opinion. There were different streams inside the Kreml and the army. Until the end of the Stalin era the army was very important as means for keeping power inside the country. In general, the red army was a much more important part of the society than any western army in its respective society.
If you start to actual discussion and not just try to prove that we are all idiots, you maybe don’t need to defend mighty Russia.
Warning: SFC
The refueling probe is in my opinion a good example for the different design philosophies.
The Dassault designers decided mostly for the slightly simpler solution, while the EF designers decided for the little bit more performance.
Another example are the engines, the M-88 offers better SFC, the EJ-200 the better thrust to weight ratio.
Even if they look similar, the they are completely different. Even the evolution represents that difference in thinking. While future EJ Versions offer more power, the French focus on efficiency.
Aurel,
the SFC we know is (for military engines) normally the 0-0 SFC, often measured on a test rig. I guess you know that. The SFC changes with airspeed and altutide, still no news for you I guess. But you also have the relative thrust (% of maximum thrust) and possibly inlet losses.
If you can’t really be sure of your numbers at hand I recommend to be very careful with conclusions.
The EJ200 is less complex than the RB199. The Eurofighte consortium has the advantage of higher funds available, while on the other hand they lose some ressources in coordination efforts.
I think the EJ200 has substantial growth capability, which will be helpful for future variants of the Eurofighter (compare F-16). Can’t say anything about the Rafale.
What we`re saying is that our military strategies were for defensive purposes, not attack.
I think that is true. What went through the mind of some Soviet planers is one thing, but I guess nobody in Eastern Europe ever wanted to move out and bring communism to the poor people in Western Europe. Some people in Eastern Germany maybe were eager, but so were people in the west (in “liberating” East Germany).
And all these nuke warheads were just mockup?
Just wanted to say that deployment of huge conventional forces was part of the military doctrin of Soviet Russia. Those forces threatened Western Europe (in the minds of Western people). Finally it comes out that at least after ~1965 nobody really considered to start a first strike.
The Soviets for instance were really scared of Pershing II missiles, while the NATO was scared of SS-20.
The whole issue teaches us that military power quickly developes its own dynamics, and that military forces need to be contained and downsized as long as you have sane people on your border.
How many of those countries that bought F-15s or F-16s were previously USSR war matériel clients ? And of those, how many of them switched to US equipment because it had proved *better* at war, instead of political considerations ?
………
I guess a victorious war is the best way to convince average forum people of the benfits of your aircraft. :diablo: