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TMor

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  • in reply to: Rafale news #2555203
    TMor
    Participant

    Even when the M F1 entered service (carrying only a pair of AAMs) the M88 was under-powered, to the extent that the EGT limiters had to be recalibrated to allow the engine to run hotter – halving the life of the hot section to just 300 hours between overhauls.

    Even… 150hours. That was the very begining. ๐Ÿ˜€
    Quickly, in january 2001, it was increased to 500 hours.
    The M88-2 E4 has a MTBO of 800hours, and the engine is still far from being mature (only 33,000 flying hours this summer, while 100,000 are necessary). But not underpowered.

    As another example, the Rafale was always intended to be able to supercruise at Mach 1.4, something that won’t be possible until the M88 reaches its third revision.

    Ugh ?
    I have nearly 10 years of magazines, and papers of 1989… None of them saying this (neither mach1.4 supercruise, nor the third revision).

    You can go back and look at the thrust ratings predicted before Rafale flew. They still haven’t been achieved, although empty weight and MTOW have crept up….

    Wich Rafale ? The M88 was bigger than it actually is.
    Since the M88-2, ratings are 50/75kN.

    C’est la mode Francais, comme ca? :rolleyes:

    WHAT ? I don’t understand.

    in reply to: Rafale news #2555251
    TMor
    Participant

    Come on TMor, you read French better than I do, you keep tabs on Air et Cosmos and the French magazines, etc.

    If i can find it, i’ll answer, but this information isn’t in magazines… Or not mines.

    in reply to: Rafale news #2555352
    TMor
    Participant

    The aircraft has far less power than Dassault had originally planned.

    ๐Ÿ˜€ :rolleyes:

    in reply to: Rafale news #2555598
    TMor
    Participant

    Thank you Arthuro.

    If Jack could redesign Rafale, then it would have long moment arm with more instability, same MMI as Typhoon (at least), it would use DASS, and EJ200…
    Am I right ? ๐Ÿ˜€
    Just kidding. ๐Ÿ˜€

    in reply to: Rafale news #2555877
    TMor
    Participant

    http://www.ttu.fr/francais/Articles/rafaleenafghanis.html

    3 Rafale M F2 have left on March the 7th, for Afghanistan (Charles de Gaulle). Saturday (today), three 1/7 Rafale B F2 will take off to go to Dushanbรฉ, via Djibouti. They will begin the missions on Monday.
    The CEAM has yet to complete trials with the GBU-22.
    The Rafales will fly in patrol with M2000Ds for laser designation.
    This pics come from CEAM (Mont-de-Marsan) :
    http://www.ttu.fr/francais/Articles/Resources/decollagerafale.jpeg
    http://www.ttu.fr/francais/Articles/Resources/rafalegbu.jpeg
    http://www.ttu.fr/francais/Articles/Resources/gbu.jpeg
    http://www.ttu.fr/francais/Articles/Resources/gbu1.jpeg

    in reply to: Rafale news #2555883
    TMor
    Participant

    Signatory,

    I love Bob Kemp like a brother […] the Korean contest simply arose too early to be a realistic hope.

    This was an excellent and interesting message.That proves that Jack is actually able to do some fine writting ๐Ÿ˜€ . Thank you, Jackonicko.

    In regards to this thread, I agree with many of Jackos’ points. I trust him on the basis that he has a similar point of view to Jon Lake, a journalist who many know contributes to the Eurofighter forum.

    Yes, I know both, as i’ve used extensively PMs with both ๐Ÿ˜€
    And that’s what surprise me so much, their views are so close… Those two guys must be brothers… ๐Ÿ˜€

    I have also noticed that the supporters of the Rafale, don’t want to concede to Jackos’ views; perhaps due to the fact that Jacko cannot quote internet sources or magazine articles. His information comes from his work ‘in the field’.

    Understand that his last post looks much fairer than when he talks about “poor radar performance”, “underpowered Rafale”, and “MMI with nothing falling under hand”. These were what I called “exagerated” claims.

    There may be DASS and other functions that are better viewed on the HDD, even under g, or the HUD may fail, or the pilot may prefer to use the HDD.

    The God view, in Rafale, isn’t a usual HDD. The distance between God View and HUD is as short as possible… This is intended to help the pilot under the worst situation (narrowing of FOV), and this is also why is it focused to infinity.

    Many Rafale display modes cannot be commanded by HOTAS, according to Dassault, but only by touch.

    Where did you see that ? No french magazines say so.
    Maybe. But, under a 7g fight, why would the pilot want to turn pages ? As Kovy said, pilots will use the HUD or HMD.
    In addition, on Rafale, the left screen is generally used for radio, or navigation, while the right screen is for hydrolics, electric circuit, or engines…
    All screens can be controled by buttons, trackballs, and commutators, you can find 13 on the stick, and 24 on trottle command.
    The only real lack in Rafale may be DVI, but it’s just a problem for France…
    In the Air & Cosmos about Rafale, published at the end of summer 2006, it is said (I’ve just noticied) that DVI on Rafale were used for frequency changing, and sensor settings… Actually, we don’t know anything about it.
    Let’s talk Dassault’s spin doctors : ๐Ÿ˜€

    Compared with earlier generation systems fitted to other fighters, the Rafaleโ€™s Man-Machine Interface has been tuned to considerably reduce aircrew workload. One of the most innovative choices made by Dassault Aviation is the introduction of the combined Voice, Throttle and Stick (VTAS) system which drastically eases data entry and systems selections.
    ยซAs an alternative to using manual methods, the direct voice input technology allows the pilot to activate data entry functions, and select non-safety-critical modesยป, explains Philippe Rebourg, Dassault Chief Test Pilot for Military Aircraft. ยซIn some demanding combat scenarios, manual actions can prove painfully slow, and the voice command system increases overall effectiveness: the pilot does not have to look into the cockpit any more. That enables him to focus on the mission and on systems operation.ยป
    Developing such an advanced tool was a challenge since the various speech recognition algorithms had to cope with the noises of the cockpit environment as well as with the stress and the high g-loads that can affect pilotsโ€™ voice. But Dassault and Thales engineers overcame all hurdles, and two production Rafales,
    two-seaters B301 and B302, are currently equipped with the direct voice input system. ยซThese two aircraft allow us to push development even furtherยป, says Philippe Rebourg. ยซNumerous foreign test pilots have evaluated the system, and they all praise its efficiency: word recognition rates are better than 95 percent, and, depending on the custo

    merโ€™s requirements, the system boasts a vocabular y of between 50 and 300 words. The response time is extremely short (less than 200 ms), and critical voice command selections are confirmed by visual feedback.ยป Display management, navigation tasking and mode switching are even quicker. A typical example is
    radio and navigation aids selection: a single pressure on a button on the throttle activates the voice input system, and, with chosen code words, the pilot can instantly reprogram the flight-plan or select various autopilot modes or radio/IFF frequencies.
    ยซAs an added bonus, the voice command system proves also extremely useful by reducing high pilot workload during emergency situationsยป, says Gรฉrard Dailloux, Dassault Flight Safety Vice-President.

    The direct voice input system will be available on export Rafale Block 05s, and, although Dassault has mainly concentrated on the Rafale so far, it could be adopted at some stage on the Mirage 2000-5 Mk2 and on the future Falcon 7X long-range business jet, helping reduce cost by increasing series production.

    in reply to: Rafale news #2556296
    TMor
    Participant

    but this contradicted what Reuters said a week before, and marks a change from what was reported during 2006, when outright cancellation of the eight jets was predicted/reported.

    Yes, but in France, reports never said that the 8 were simply cancelled.
    It seems that foreign information have been unaccurate. The source I gave is the MinDef. We can’t find more accurate.

    They say that Contracts have been signed for 120 aircraft.

    http://www.thalesgroup.com/all/pdf/cp_59rafale.pdf
    13 Rafale were ordered in 1994 (actually, before 1997).
    48 were ordered in 1999.
    59 in 2004.
    ———
    120
    But 8 are delayed and not included in the last order => 112

    http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/budget/plf2003/b0256-40-04.asp
    The 1999 overall order was divided in 2 parts (6-9-1999):
    -28 Rafale for sure (13 B, 8 C, 7M)
    -20 optionnal (confirmed in 2001) (8 B, 4 C et 8 M)
    After negociations, a saving of 8% could be done, compared to the unit price obtained by annual orders like it was before.

    By my reckoning thatโ€™s 61 from the original contract (contracts?)

    ContratS. 61 = 13 + 48
    That’s really a mess… ๐Ÿ˜€
    10 M F1 (as far as I know, the full F1 standard wasn’t ready until 2002, so, the aircraft delivered before -6 Rafale- were in LF1, and later retrofited. This was the time of the Magic2 only capable Rafale. The time of all the problems… lol).

    There has not been a 61 contract, but 13 ordered, and later 48 (in 1999).

    (Teal said 26 M โ€“ not 25 โ€“ 8 C and 27 B โ€“ so 35 for AdlA, not 36)

    In 2001, Teal would have found :
    10 + 7 + 8 = 25 M
    13 + 8 = 21 B
    8 + 4 = 12 C
    +++ 3 aircraft (I think they are the B301, B302 and C101)

    and 51 of the 59 aircraft ordered in 2004.

    51… So 120 figure is out-dated…

    13 Rafale M F3
    46 Rafale B/C F3 (what was the breakdown between Bs and Cs?)

    I can’t find anything about the breakdown…

    This doesnโ€™t seem to match up with the Vincon report โ€“ since the total above includes 51 F2s, and not 66 as set out in the Vincon report – 15 Rafale M F2s instead of 18, and 36 AdlA F2s instead of 48?
    We get 61 aircraft…
    10 M F1+ 15 M F2 = 25 M
    33 C/B + 3 C/B = 36 C/B for AdA.

    The latter 48 jets were presumably those with OSF โ€“ so will there be 12 spare sets, or will 12 of the F1s get them, or the first 12 F3s?

    Actually, according to what I finally found, all the 15 M F2 and 33 C/B F2 will have their OSF, sorry for the mistake in my last post…

    Teal give a different breakdown of contracts:
    First – May 97 (retrospective):
    10 M
    3 C (for demonstrating the Rafaleโ€™s capabilities to export customers โ€“ were these really F2s?)

    Second โ€“ 99
    15 Ms (7 and 8 options)
    12 Cs (7 and 5 options)
    21 Bs (14 and 7 options)

    Third โ€“ 2004
    59 total.

    SO, he was quite right…. Except that instead of May 97, it’s “before 1997”, as some seem to have been ordered in 1994…
    And in 1999, it’s 13 + 8 Bs.

    Can anyone explain the disparities?

    After my searches on Senat and Assemblรฉe Nationale websites, you can take my figure for granted.

    Which eight aircraft are being delayed? How many Ms, Bs and Cs are within the eight?

    ๐Ÿ˜€ Mystery

    Do the Aรฉronavale actually have any F2s in squadron service?

    During 2006, two Rafale M F2 have been delivered. The third just joined the CdG. But they aren’t operational (too few).

    How many of EC330โ€™s jets are Bs, and how many are Cs?

    According to Opit :

    C102 330-EF
    C103 330-EG
    C104 7-HH
    C105 7-HE
    C106 7-HG
    C107 7-HJ
    B303 330-EA
    B304 330-EB
    B305 330-EC
    B306 330-ED
    B307 330-EE
    B308 7-HA
    B309 7-HB
    B310 7-HC
    B311 7-HD
    B312 7-HF
    B313 7-HI
    B314 7-HP
    B315 7-HK
    B316 7-HL
    B317 7-HO
    B318 7-HM
    B319 7-HN
    B320 ?
    B321 ?
    B322 7-HU
    B323 7-HT

    Still incomplete. ๐Ÿ˜€ ๐Ÿ˜‰

    But it strikes me that if theyโ€™d dropped one GBU for Korea and began (or may have begun) drops in October, there will be a great deal of clearance and envelope expansion left to be done.

    We know nothing. But they will begin operations on Monday !

    Iโ€™m intrigued that no 1,000-lb class weapon is being integrated.

    Me too.

    EPW may not be a priority for France, but it is for Afghanistan! Unless the deployment is a pure PR opportunity, the ability to drop relevant weapons would be useful.

    France will get the AASM soon. It will be ready and fully operational in late 2007. There’s no urgent need for EPW… LGBs will do the job (and of course it’s a PR opportunity) but I have the feeling that you mistrust the AASM.
    The AASM is a kit initially developped for 500-lb bombs, wich give a inertial + GPS guidance system, and a propeler to improve range. It has high offboresight capability (+/-90ยฐ), is stand-off, long range (from 15 to 50km), all weather an fire & forget. It’s accuracy is of 10m class.
    Later (2008/2009), an IR imagery seeker will improve the accuracy. Other seeker are considered (laser guidance, EM…).
    Why would France use the US made EPW ? France do care of its military and industrial independance.
    In addition, i’m sorry, but because EPW is not a priority, integrating it quickly for Afghanistan would make the opportunity a much better PR opportunity ! :rolleyes:

    Scalp might well be useful in Afghanistan if they ever find Osamaโ€™s caveโ€ฆ..

    If needed, no problem, the aircraft is fully ready for it. After all, I don’t even know wheter AdA will bring some there or not !

    Three aircraft is an odd number to send when the standard tactical unit is a pairโ€ฆโ€ฆ Unless you expect VERY poor serviceability.

    100% availability with 2 aircraft in Albacete during Tiger Meet, with minimum support.
    The aircraft is still young, and it will be the first war mission with bombs etc…
    I let you draw the conclusions you want. Maybe they bring the third aircraft in case of problem.

    Have the frontline units not yet fired a Mica?

    I’ll check later if i can find something. But I really think that the CEAM have done it. CEAM isn’t CEV…

    Re-check your sources on sensor fusion and the exact capabilities of the laser warning system on in-service aircraftโ€ฆโ€ฆ

    The F2 standard has a full SPECTRA. That’s what is said everywhere. This include EM (the only stuff on the F1), IR (DDM = missile warners), and laser detectors. + flares/chaffs dispensors.

    in reply to: Rafale news #2556322
    TMor
    Participant

    TMor,

    Your whole first post consisted of comaprisons between Rafale and Typhoon. In framing your post as you did, you invited comment and correction.

    Wrong.
    It’s just your inability to speak about one without the other.

    What you write is interesting, but it does raise questions, and hopefully these will help you remain fixed on Rafale

    LOL

    , and may help you avoid making spurious claims about superiority over Typhoon.

    LOL I’ve never done so, except for fun.

    If you answer them, you’ll even help put out some useful information on the aircraft.

    I’ll do my best, and according to the magazines I have, to my memories, and Internet bookmarks…

    1) The delay to eight aircraft. Is this the aircraft that were previously reported as having been removed from the order, taking the 2004 order from 59 to 51?

    Yes.

    Can you confirm that they are now only ‘delayed’?

    This has been reported. Further contracts should buy these aircraft. Of course, we don’t really know as it’s relying on government (socialist ?), but it should be just a delay.

    When did it change, and why?

    What changed ?

    Le 6 octobre dernier, la DGA a notifiรฉ ร  Dassault Aviation, Thales et MBDA un marchรฉ visant ร  doter le Rafale ร  l’horizon 2012 d’รฉquipements รฉlectroniques aux performances accrues. Ce marchรฉ ne porte pas seulement sur des dรฉveloppements mais conduit ร  la sortie de chaรฎne en janvier 2012 d’un Rafale dotรฉ dโ€™un radar ร  balayage antenne active et dโ€™un dรฉtecteur de dรฉpart de missile de nouvelle gรฉnรฉration. Ces travaux avaient รฉtรฉ prรฉparรฉs par les diffรฉrentes dรฉmarches d’รฉtude amont menรฉes par la DGA et en particulier la commande dรจs 2004 d’un dรฉmonstrateur de radar ร  antenne active. Le montant des travaux รฉquivaut au prix de 8 avions, soit environ 400 Mโ‚ฌ. Un rรฉamรฉnagement du calendrier de production des 59 avions permet dโ€™รฉchelonner ce paiement et donc de rester dans lโ€™enveloppe prรฉvue, sans augmentation du prix des avions.

    http://www.defense.gouv.fr/
    The exact page is now dead. The above quote says that the contract was signed on October the 6th. It also explains that the delay (the production is lowered from 1.5 aircraft per month to 1.3) allow to save 400Mโ‚ฌ without changing the price of the plane.

    See also :

    M. Franรงois Lureau, DGA, a prรฉcisรฉ ร  la commission que sur ces 59 avions commandรฉs, la livraison de 8 d’entre eux a รฉtรฉ diffรฉrรฉe pour financer l’adjonction de capacitรฉs รฉlectroniques supplรฉmentaires d’un coรปt รฉquivalent. Ces capacitรฉs comprennent des radars, la dรฉtection de missiles, l’optronique et l’armement guidรฉ laser.

    Senat.fr

    What orders have actually been signed?

    Standard F2 (current deliveries) Standard F3, +developments for postF3 :
    -AESA development (I don’t know exactely, as DRAA and DRAMAA already exist)
    -new IR dual-band Missile Warner development
    -OSF-IP
    -LGB (+Damocles)
    -industrialization.

    Has the order due to have be placed in 2006 now been signed?

    No. Next order is to be signed before the end of 2008.

    Has the number of F2s dropped from the planned 82 aircraft (65 AdlA, 17 Aรฉronavale) to just 66 (48 AdlA, 18 Aรฉronavale) as detailed in the Vincon Senate report? What are the numbers now, by standard, variant and user, broken down into separate contracted orders and expected orders?

    I’m too young to know your figures… 66 is the figure I know.
    As planned, it should have been :
    Ordered / delivered before 1999 :
    -AdA : 3 / 1
    -MN : 10 /0
    Ordered / delivered in 1999 :
    -AdA : 21 /1
    -MN : 7 / 1
    Ordered / delivered in 2001 :
    -AdA : 12 / 0
    -MN : 8 /5
    Ordered / delivered in 2002 :
    -AdA : 0/1
    -MN : 0/1
    Ordered / delivered in 2003 : |-> finally signed in 2004, and later reduced to 51 ! !!!
    -AdA : 46 / 0
    -MN : 13 / 0
    Ordered / delivered in 2004 :
    -AdA : 0 / 5
    -MN : 0 / 0
    Ordered / delivered in 2005 :
    -AdA : 0 /10
    -MN :0 /0
    Ordered / delivered in 2006 : | delayed to before the end of 2008
    -AdA : 48 / 13
    -MN : 18 /0
    Ordered / delivered in 2007 :
    -AdA : 0 /14
    -MN : 0/ 6
    Ordered / delivered in 2008 :
    -AdA : 0/ 15
    -MN : 0 / 6
    planned : Ordered / delivered after 2008 :
    -AdA : 104 / 174
    -MN : 4 / 38
    Senat.fr
    Is it enough ?

    How many Rafales have been delivered to AdlA and to the MN each year, and how many are now in service with each unit? What were the last deliveries?

    Up to the end of 2006 :
    10 F1 aircraft to the MN
    about 24 F2 aircraft
    2 F2 for the MN

    How many F2s have been delivered, and which units have them?

    At least 27 :
    -3 for the MN
    – more than 24 for AdA :
    -18 (20 in early 2007) F2 for AdA EC 1/7 Provence (15 B and 5 C) + 7 for this summer. See Spa15 and Spa77 (Spa15 also this summer).
    – 6 in Mont-de-Marsan for EC 330

    2) What other platforms did the DRAA prototype fly in? A Mystere XX, I know, but wasn’t there also a Mirage (used for the Singapore demo when B301 was unserviceable?)

    M XX and Rafale B301 (the one flown to Singapore with DRAA)… I don’t know for the M2000.

    What is its status NOW? Is B301 still flying with AESA? How many hours have been flown?

    We don’t know, but it has demonstrated technologies. I think it’s over.

    Which aircraft types, and which specific Rafales will DRAMAA fly in, and when?

    The flight testing should start in April and finish in the end of the year. I don’t know on wich type, but this thread is here for that.

    3) You say that: “The aircraft is already wired for this weapons (GBU)” but that only means that it has MIL STD 1553/1760.

    Yes. But some sometimes suggest that all the work remains to be done. HP Grolleau (do you know him ?) proved it’s false.

    Is there a full service clearance? When was it signed?

    October the 6th ? I don’t know. But the delaying of 8 deliveries pays the LGB too…

    When were the clearance drops? How many weapons were dropped, and of which types?

    The B01 has already dropped at least ONE GBU-12 (for Korea).
    I don’t know more, I’ve just something I would call a rumor that says that it’s all done (between october and now). I’ve absolutely nothing more.

    Which will be cleared for use in Afganistan? Why only GBU-12 and -22?

    Because bigger bombs aren’t employed there. French aircraft only drop 500lbs GBU-12 there. I would add that in reports, pilots show very afraid of friendly fire… The lighter the bomb, the better it is… But that’s my opinion.

    Why integrate two 500-lb Paveways (GBU-12 and 22) and one 2,000-lb (GBU-24) and not a 1,000-lb weapon?

    Paveway 3 is significantly more accurate than the Paveway 2.
    Why no 1000 lb ? I don’t know, I’m also curious about this point…

    In a dusty/cloudy environment, why is there no dual mode EPW clearance?

    The GBUs are just a replacement for the late AASM (GPS + inertial). EPW will be intagrated later, but it’s not a priority for France.

    Will Scalp be deployed?

    Scalp is not a CAS weapon !!! ๐Ÿ˜€

    4) Two lots of three aircraft for Afghanistan? Does that strike you as an unusual number? Has it been explained?

    ONE Rafale brings 6 GBU-12. That’s to say 3 times more than a single M2000D.
    In addition, it’s combat radius is much more interesting.
    It’s been said that 2 Rafale are equivalent to 4 M2000D and 2 M2000-5.

    5) Are you sure that Spectra includes full spec. laser warning yet? What was the growth path for Spectra?

    Yes.
    The growth path for Spectra are improvements of softwares, of course. But also improved missile warner (DDM) by 2012.
    The 51 F3 won’t have their MW, as it has to be improved.
    But the F2 are fully equiped. No problem with laser.

    6) IR Mica: When were the in-service firings? How many, and on what dates?

    The first Mica IR shooting with external designation has been conducted in July. But this tells nothing about the other shots. I think it’s been done by the CEAM (Mont de Marsan) during 2005-2006.

    7) :dev2: :dev2: :dev2: “the Rafale can fight from very low alt to 50,000ft, wich make it capable of fighting at altitudes where the M88 will consume the less.” :dev2: :dev2: :dev2: How does Rafale ensure that the enemy are at the altitude for which it is best suited? :diablo: :p ๐Ÿ˜€

    You’re true ๐Ÿ˜€
    But you know that nowadays the M2000 is already a challenging aircraft.

    8) Is OSF still to be limited to 48 sets? What was the originally planned number? Which aircraft will receive it, which won’t, and what will replace it? Why did the DGA described OSF (“‘Optronique Secteur Frontal”) as obsolescent?

    Well…
    The AdA F2 standard are all equiped with OSF.
    Not the Marine’s Rafale F2 (as far as I know).
    Non equiped aircraft will wait later when the OSF-IP will be ready. It’s even possible that finally, they never receive their OSF. There’s a possibility that a total of (18 + 51) never get their OSF… I don’t know.
    “obsolescent” is the word to say that the components used in are no more produced, resulting in replacement issues. In addition, it’s clear that current technologies allow, for a reasonable cost, to develop a newer equipment, with modern components.

    So prove me wrong, and discuss Rafale’s weaknesses.

    It’s done ! :p

    I’ve already admitting : radar lacks range for shooting Meteor against a modern threat (I mean with RCS reduction measures).
    Engines lacks power according to MN pilots who will have to take-off from carrier with exceptionnaly loaded aircraft (the lack is a matter of comfort here, not a security issue).
    Money is lacking too, and this could results in some Rafale without OSF nor Missile Warner (I mean the Rafale M F2 and all the 51 Rafale F3).

    I hope I’ve been interesting.

    But, from what I have seen, even people who are supposedlly very well informed because of their position are never totally objective (I had the same experience with boeing and EADS at the last paris air show). They have like us their preferences..pride habits etc… I guess it is just human.

    Yes, this is why I’m very careful with what I’m told, espacially when superiority is claimed. ๐Ÿ˜Ž

    in reply to: Rafale news #2556342
    TMor
    Participant

    Jack,

    Talk about the real advantages that Rafale has, and youโ€™ll have no problem with me, but claim advantages in areas where none exist and Iโ€™ll politely contradict you.

    This is all the problem.
    My thread was not intended to compare.

    You’ve repeated nearly in every posts that Typhoon’s MMI radar and engines are better. You deployed arguments wich deserved to be discussed, for several reason. But you diverted the topic.

    It’s exactly like if i had written an article to defend Rafale against usual non-justified aggressions and talk only about it, and as you found it too favourable to Rafale, due to the non comparing approach, you decided to re-write it, and talk about Typhoon’s superioty.
    Totally off-topic, whatever what you wrote.

    I’ve never refused to acknowledge Rafale weaknesses when I’ve all the material to do it.
    I’ve neither compared Rafale to Typhoon, nor tryed to prove it was superior to any type in any field -in this thread-.
    If I’ve done, it’s all because of you, and your whim wich makes you feel obliged to compare and prove your Typhoon superior. But you weren’t.

    Magzines are plenty of articles dealing with modern MiGs, Sukhois, Dassault, LM, Boeing, etc, without comparing it systematically as you do. However, you can’t learn as much as by reading such magazines.

    stubborn nationalism prevents you from taking notice

    But not only do French Rafale fans get upset if anyone has the temerity to suggest that Rafale is second best to F-22, Typhoon and (in some roles) F-35, they react just as badly if anyone suggests that the French aircraft is second best in any single isolated area

    Kovy,

    And youโ€™re letting nationalist pride blind you to the truth.

    Thank you for again defying people to think what they want by the use of serious insults.

    ==============================================
    Now for those who are interested :
    ๐Ÿ™‚ Since October, it’s been officially decided that 8 aircraft will see their delivery delayed, so as to get 400mโ‚ฌ…
    This money will help funding the “Rafale Roadmap” (a program to secure key technologies for export), and so :
    -While the already funded DRAMAA prototype will do its first flight this year (its the second french AESA prototype, as the DRAA with us made components flew in 2003), the first production french AESA will equip the Rafale by early 2012.
    -New MW (missile Warner, IR dual band) will be developped to equip this 2012 Rafale.
    -Improved version of OSF (with better all weather capability and improved range) will also enter service.

    By early 2009, the Damocles (laser designation) will be fully integrated to the aircraft. This means that the aircraft will be able to drop GBU-12, GBU-22 (max 6 bombs), and the bigger GBU-24 (2 bombs, one per wing)… The aircraft is already wired for this weapons. It’s also wired and software ready for the AASM, but Sagem are late, and the AASM will enter service by the end of 2007 ๐Ÿ˜ก
    But to make export customer more easily integrate foreign weapons, a new fire control system will be used to facilitate the addition of bombs like JDAM or EPW. With this, new weapons integration will only requiere a few flight test and dropping.

    As the aircraft is currently only Scalp capable (the AASM (GPS+INS) is late), the GBU-12/22 is being integrated, and this month, 3 Rafale F2 from the AdA will go to Afghanistan, as well as 3 Rafale M F2 (Marine) on the Charles de Gaule.
    They will drop their first bomb, but relying on external designation (Super Etendard, Mirage 2000D, or ground infantry).

    About its air-to-air capabilities, nothing really new… The F2 standard operationnal since June adds OSF (silent search and track, with TV identification), L16, and full Spectra (EM, IR, laser).
    It also introduce the Mica IR. With the L16, the Mica IR allow Rafale to conduct silent interceptions. It also makes possible to shoot the Mica very off-boresight, even on a target located behind.
    Ambush CAP also become possible (with only one Rafale emitting to feed other Rafale with data on targets).
    The Mica IR is an extremly agile missile, and also has an extreme range for an IR seeker missile. It can lock target much farther than the Magic II.

    In terms of aerial combat, M2000 (a great interceptor and successful dogfighter) seems to be absolutely no match to the Rafale. The latter is imcomparably more maneuverable, and the Rafale can fight from very low alt to 50,000ft, wich make it capable of fighting at altitudes where the M88 will consume the less.

    ๐Ÿ˜‰

    in reply to: Rafale news #2556405
    TMor
    Participant

    TMor

    Ok, you win :

    GET LOST !

    You’ve made this thread become a Typhoon vs Rafale thread… You keep repeating over and over stupid claims…

    My brains have to work three times more when i write in english, and it’s very discouraging, but i’m going to do it anyway…

    Typhoon has equal or better sensor fusion than Rafale (PIRATE, radar, DASS, SIFF, offboard sensors).

    LOL…. Rafale data fusion : RBE-2 (IFF), OSF, SPECTRA (EM, IR, Laser), Weapons, offboard sensors too, of course, control surface, screens, FBW, FADEC, L16, radios, hydrolics, fuel, etc). This is a full data fusion !
    Of course, Typhoon’s isn’t limited to what you wrote… But writting “EQUAL” would have been fair. Not “BETTER”.

    Rafale may be able to make radio silent intercepts (so can Tornado F3)

    Again ! Great ! You’ve been excellent on this point !
    It seems that you’re still describing Rafale as if it was still limited to LF1 standard (do you even know what it is ???) !
    Saying “MiG-29” or “Su-27” would have been much more appropriate… LOL

    Go and ask Dassault, they didn’t think that it was necessary, and as a result, their cockpit has things like the mini-sticks, and is a much higher workload environment.

    LOL You’ve already won, let me play at your stupid game : Typhoon work load is inferior because the aircraft is simply much less capable (air-to-air only)… You deserved this one.
    What’s your problem with mini-sticks ??? Ooooh ! Typhoon pilots prefered the usual central stick because they find it more natural ???
    Maybe, in Rafale, every efforts were made to improve the conditions under high G. Not relevant in your opinion, i guess.

    Why don’t the French use it?

    (DVI)
    Full story ???
    I REALLY WAS STARTING to believe that you had GOOD contacts, and good inputs about the programme.
    FACT : everything you learn about Rafale comes from Internet fora.

    France is lacking money. They prioritized the studies on effects of high Gs, and when they tested thorax compression system, it proved to be VERY difficult to talk to the DVI… Thus, DVI were dropped, and later, thorax compression system was droped too.
    However, the DVI were not implemented as a cost saving measure.
    I hope i’ve made it clear.

    and because the BAE-led bid team failed to convince Singapore that the capabilities it would require would be available in the timescale required (it was said to have been a natural reaction to what insiders called “a shambolic performance” by BAE Systems during the early part of the bidding process), and crucially because the Tranche 2 production contract and the FCP contracts had not then been signed.

    Of course, a full team of commercial agents could convince resonable people and military there that the capabilities could be ready on time.
    Whereas every body on Internet could believe in Eurofighter… Funny.

    and that a display that looks great to a lay-person, straight and level, may look very different when you’re trying to use it in glare, or at 8.5 g.

    Again, very funny, since you reject comments told by French pilots who actually are well used to pilot Rafale and use these screen under 8,5g…
    But, French pilot are lay-person, aren’t they ?

    With regard to the Jag kill, clearly the French pilot made a massive error. But it’s an excellent story to make our French friends uncomfortable with.

    And produced so little effect here. What a pity !

    “The issues I claim superiority on” are not doubtful at all. Typhoon’s MMI is clearly superior.

    Repeating is the best way to ensure that it will be “learnt”… Even when it’s wrong. Nearly everything you write about Rafale is about superiority of Typhoon’s MMI, I really wonder why.

    but PESA is a dead end – a wrong turning, a technology that promised a great deal, but proved to be the wrong path. No-one should blame the French for getting it wrong, they were unlucky, while Euroradar enjoyed more luck and more success than they deserved, and the performance of Captor M has exceeded all expectations. (Just go and ask the Singaporeans!)

    Pfffffffffffffff…. ๐Ÿ˜ฎ
    The dead-end RBE-2 was the best thing France could get before AESA become affordable.

    On the contrary, the Captor M (same class as the RDY-2) IS the dead end, though securing the required specs.

    Eurofighter have been the only one not to propose AESA (with capabilities the Captor M can only dream about) to foreign market… But the BAe performance was so “chambolic” !! !! LOL

    TMor,

    How ready is Rafale’s DVI? Exactly what tasks can be controlled by DVI, and what is the current vocabulary? Ask the questions. I have done, and the answer is not impressive, even if you believe that Dassault can go from a laboratory only capable to a useable capability for frontlinr aircrew.

    I’m not PAID to ask them… You are, and French poster are ALWAYS AMAZED to see how much little you know (or understand) about Rafale.
    I pay to read what they say : DVI is READY for export.
    Pilots were impressed by what it brought : frequency changing, sensor settings…
    300 words.

    With regard to MMI, your example proves my point – AdlA and MN pilots tested the cockpit in the sim and in rigs, but they weren’t in on the conceptual and mock up design stages, and they didn’t, in any case, have the spectrum of experience that they enjoyed in the EF cockpit design committee.

    My examples do not prove anything.
    There’s no interest in discussing with you, as every material you’re given is hijacked to serve your interest : proving the exagerated Typhoon superiority ! So much for honesty.

    Jackonicko methods :
    -use exagerated claims
    -mix it with partly true arguments
    -divert other members’ answers to prove his points
    -repeat intensively that everything was of a better idea in Typhoon, and that Rafale is (bad luck) a failure…
    -never inform.

    I’m happy that real enthousiast of both aircraft still exist, because with Jack, I couldn’t learn about Typhoon when I want to. ๐Ÿ˜ก

    —————————————————————————————-

    Now please, let’s ignore this one, tomorrow, i’ll try to post some information about the program (though it will be short).
    I hope people won’t believe I’ve something against Typhoon.

    Best regards.

    in reply to: Rafale news #2556460
    TMor
    Participant

    DVI for export Rafale exist. For a matter of money, France won’t use it, but if a customer want it, it is already ready.
    The more powerful engine is still under development, but would have been ready if a customer had shown interest earlier.
    The AESA is now funded, and will be produced by 2011.

    Touch screens are intended to use wider screens (and save place), and they are controled by HOTAS (so no problem under high G). I wonder how Typhoon pilots push buttons under high Gs. I guess the HOTAS help them, and it’s the way it is on Rafale.

    The Head Level Diplay, with the “God’s view” and radar data, focused to infinity, is just below the HUD, to reduced time and tiredness (the eye don’t need to accomodate, and just need a short movement between HLD and HUD).

    Screens moding are not designed from what existed before, they’ve been developped by a scientist team, for pilots. I quote my own words :

    The design phase of the cockpit came after a comprehensive study on the human body feelings and on cognition, on the body strenghs and weaknesses (resistance under high G, deceptive sensations…). This is how they designed the switches (with different shapes and pressures according to the function), this is what they took under consideration for the symbology and colors on the screens… They tested all of this during years to improve it, for all the 3 standards (F1, F2, F3), and for all missions…

    Who tested it in simulators ? Pilots… AdA and MN pilots…

    http://www.c2sd.sga.defense.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/c2sd_polyvalence_rafale_2006.pdf
    This PDF is not like Fox Three. It’s a true study about the aircraft, and how it will be used by AdA and MN, according to what it makes the crew capable of…

    When Rafale pilots say that it’s a “high tech” fighter, they actually refer to the HMI -Human Machine Interface (French industrials I talked to do not use “MMI”).

    =>(google linguistic tools ๐Ÿ˜ฎ )

    During our discussions with the pilots we were struck by the frequency of use of the โ€œnaturalโ€ term to qualify the Rafale, the high-tech plane by excellence. By questioning them on this precise point it appeared that this one referred to the general ergonomics of the plane. That concerns as well legibility of the interfaces (screens CTM and information in VTH) and their commands (for example the buttons) that the position of the body in the station who attenuates the load factor considerably. โ€œThere is many information on this plane but it is a relatively natural plane, you include/understand quickly where all is. All falls under the hand. โ€ The pilots were particularly impressed by the fact that one can pass on this aircraft from 0 to 8 G into 20 seconds all in preserving the possibility of speaking. โ€œOn Rafale, one feels the factor of charge very little. When you start to feel electric shocks in the elbows by example, it is that you already took of it too much (6G repeated) and that the abdos were not enough contracted. The inclined seat with 34ยฐ (20ยฐ for the 2000) there made much). There are also them balustrades of arms which contribute to it. (โ€ฆ) One does not feel purely physical tiredness on the first flights as in M2000โ€.

    Little mistakes : as far as I know, the seat is inclined of 29ยฐ.

    =>

    The Rafale is thus characterized by a great comfort of use in the plan proprioceptive. But that also concerns, as it has just been known as, the visual one, the presentation of information on the screens, in other words the interfacing. โ€œHUD, in the beginning, I believed that I twould never arrive and at the second flight, that jumps you to the eyes, it is naturalโ€ฆ one is absorbed by the systemโ€. โ€œThere is the impression to have always had that. The presentation of information is so good. Thus even if there is much more infos that before, it is not perceived. That very quickly becomes natural. โ€
    The choice of the colors and the icons to discriminate the modes and the functions activated on the PDS (Selection screen) seems for example perfectly adapted with the logical advance of the pilots. However this instrument of very first plan for the management of the versatility (to know on which mode is by example its fellow-member) is summarized with a side screen of very small size. only flat however relates to the absence of vocal order (initially planned) for the change of the frequencies.

    =>

    Physical performances of the human body and cognitive limits of pilots seem, consequently, to be taken into account and integrated very upstream in the process of design. Rather than evacuated by the devices of data processing the body is requested in a new way as when one resorts to all the pallet of the feelings produced by the hand for the use of the order and throttle control levers. They are naturally extremely significant electric drives and not requiring any particular effort. For as much the greatest care was put to maintain the body โ€œin the loopโ€ or to reintroduce it via a whole series of micro perceptions. Thus each of the 37 buttons which are reproduced on the two handles and allow to activate by a simple pressure of the fingers the principal functions of the plane offer one felt different to the touch. Their surface smooth, is striped or granulated, their round, angular or pointed form and their resistance to carefully differentiated pressure. The feeling of naturality that the pilots test thus explains, in addition to the pure performances of the plane, by the way in which the body with its weaknesses (load factor, sensory illusions) and its assets (economic in the cognitive plan, memory of the body) was put at the service of the device. In this direction we do not have any more business with a body prothรฉsรฉ as in the topic of the cyborg developed by the literature of science fiction, but with a body prosthesis, component among others and auxiliary of the technical system.

    The PDF countains many of such information… It’s a pity that it was not translated, but after all, it is not intended for advertising… ๐Ÿ™‚

    in reply to: Rafale news #2505694
    TMor
    Participant

    Jack, i’m sincerely sorry if I’ve been offending you. But there are still points where I don’t agree with you, simply because of tone issues… :

    Despite his protestations, TMor started the thread in a confrontational way (“your Typhoon didn’t even want to fight against our Rafale at TLP”, “they failed to create a proper HOTAS” (an utterly baseless charge) RBE2 is “not a dead-end as much as Captor”, etc.). For someone who doesn’t want to talk about Typhoon, he talks about it a lot.

    “your Typhoon didn’t even want to fight against our Rafale at TLP”
    -> that was a reaction to the Jaguar incident. Because you talked about the Jaguar shooting down a Rafale. My fault on this point, I forgot to put this one : :p This may have made you understand that I was taunting you.

    “they failed to create a proper HOTAS”
    ->”[…] i‘d answer that they do so because they failed to create a proper HOTAS.”
    I’ve not started with this one (this was in my second post).
    I thought it was clear that again, it was a joke in reaction to your initial claim. Because I do not think that they failed to create proper hotas at all (this is not was I’ve been told).

    ->”not a dead-end as much as Captor”
    The only volontary fault.

    Next time, i’ll pay more attention to smileys.

    For someone who doesn’t want to talk about Typhoon, he talks about it a lot.

    I would talk about it if I really knew more about it… I’ve just been pulling your legs.

    And I don’t bash Rafale. I am rigorously honest about its shortcomings, and I do correct people who post erroneous information, and that often offends French posters here, because they find it very hard to accept ANY criticism.

    You’ve posted judgements on the aircraft. I’d like to see technical analysis… ๐Ÿ˜€ At least to really understand WHY.
    You’ve told us what may have brought to such a difference between the two types. And to be honest, I prefer reading “Typhoon MMI is a full generation ahead of Rafale’s” than “Rafale’s MMI are risible” or “poor”… Because they are neither poor, nor risible. Then, even the “full generation ahead” looks exagerated, because if Typhoon is a 5th generation aircraft, then it would mean that Rafale’s MMI are of the generation of olders M2000-5, or even F-15A etc… It’s obvious not.

    Typhoon’s MMI may be better, but your claims deserve to be discussed, in regard of what’s published in French sources… I hope you understand my point of view.

    “What I’ve been told.”
    -> I really wasn’t suggesting that it was clear you were lying. I’m just wary of what you say, and I explained you why. Again, you’re maybe true. But I’ve nothing to match up…
    I can accept criticisms, if I can match them up…

    And so, I can admit that :
    -the RBE-2 has made the Rafale been called “red nose”, because of over-heating issues, in the first months after delivery (before 2004). Its range is a bit short compared to others (but I don’t know how much, and certainly less than usual figures let us think). It seems that it’s not enough for a correct use of Meteor against modern threats (need for AESA), and it’s not enough for countries which do not have AWACS (but, of course, each time, the AESA has been proposed, and even shown and tested at Singapore).
    -the M88-2 do not give the Rafale the same thrust to weight ratio (the difference is small). I think EJ200 has some edges in high profiles. After all, i remember the M88-3 have been advertised as being a better engine in high profile…
    -MMI are really different to all what exists so far. But all what I can say now is that it just need training, where, maybe, other MMI are more “usual”… ? I don’t really know, it’s a conclusion based on what you told me, and what I’ve been told by an engineer… That’s all.

    But it would not be fair to hide that :
    -RBE-2 has an excellent scan speed resulting in the so known capabilities, that it has the capability to operate in LPI (certainly not like the APG-77 I know), etc…
    -M88-2 is enough for France and even newer engines will only help reducing through life costs… (no thrust improvement)
    -the MMI are OK with French pilots who are very happy with it…

    “I do correct people who post erroneous information, and that often offends French posters here”
    -> in this case, you violently reacted to Foofoone stupid claims about Typhoon. You really used exagerated words against Rafale…

    And unfortunately, no military aircraft exists in a vacuum, and depending on the context, we will always want to be comparing it with what went before, and with its rivals and competitors.

    Yes, but I’ve never read articles of HP Grolleau, or Bill Sweetman for example, comparing aircraft as you do… ๐Ÿ˜ฎ

    Time to go to bed… Bye ! ๐Ÿ˜€

    in reply to: Rafale news #2505777
    TMor
    Participant

    TMor,

    When you start a thread by directly (and selectively) quoting what I had to say about Typhoon and Rafale on another thread, and by then comparing Typhoon’s record with that of Rafale, you cannot complain when others follow the same approach to this thread.

    The quote was :

    As to the Typhoon, at least none got shot down by RAF Jaguars during the recent TLP. Unlike the poor old under-powered Rafale with its dead end radar and risible MMI, which is presumably one example of “the crap that the Europeans can spit out” described by your new best buddy, Joe H.

    It was marginally talking about Typhoon, and it was a pure Rafale bashing, as you’re used to do (see pprune, where no aggressive French chap was criticizing Typhoon).
    If you think the word “bashing” isn’t correct, then, I propose “diffusion of wrong information”, or “excessive and non justified use of derogatory words and expressions”, what do you think about “anti-Rafale propaganda” ? :p

    So, I’ll keep complaining anyway… Because when I quoted you, i JUST brought information about Rafale, as Typhoon is not the interesting aircraft of this thread.
    I understood that Schorsch went with the comparing approach, as people are used to with Rafale or Typhoon thread.
    But that’s not my fault.:cool:

    I don’t doubt for one moment that most Rafale pilots aren’t ‘blown away’ by the aircraft and its MMI – but it’s simple fact that most of them have come from a narrow cross section of aircraft whose MMI was old fashioned, but which was ‘philosophically’ similar. Put any French Jaguar or Mirage 2000 pilot in Rafale and he will love it, and the M2K bloke might even prefer it to the Typhoon. But despite that preference (which is based on familiarity, and not on objective factors) the Rafale MMI is inferior, and this is borne out by the reported statements of those who have experienced or seen both cockpits in action.

    M2000 C and N may have similar MMI…
    M2000 D and -5/-5mk2/-9 have very different MMI
    Some French pilots have ALSO flown other aicraft and seen different MMI.
    Rafale’s HMI is something else again, because all the AF pilots who’ve flown Rafale consider its MMI as being a revolution (Jaguar, M F1, M2000 C/N/D/-5, Super Etendard, exchange pilots, etc).
    Yes, Rafale’s HMI are totally new and do not compare at all with existing former types.
    Your argument can’t stand.

    and this is borne out by the reported statements of those who have experienced or seen both cockpits in action

    I’m still unable to match up this claim. We have yet to see an article were Rafale pilots talk about Typhoon’s MMI and were Typhoon pilots talk about Rafale’s HMI…
    Or simply where foreign pilots compare the two…
    But, that’s not the topic of this thread… :rolleyes:

    the Rafale MMI is inferior

    Maybe, note that i’m not arguing that Rafale HMI are better. You’re the one who started, and you’re going on.

    This should hardly come as a surprise, nor should it provoke quite such anguish.

    Anguish ? ๐Ÿ˜€ The problem is that we have nothing to match up your claims. So, you CAN understand my pessimism. In addition, you’ve written arguable expressions to qualify this HMI… (this time it was “risible”, but you also have written “poor”, or that “nothing fall under hand”… wich is strongly counterdicted by French pilots at least).

    Typhoon is bound to enjoy some advantages over Rafale, just as Rafale is (for example) a better low level ground attack platform.

    Maybe, that’s not the problem.

    But I’m afraid that the superiority of Typhoon’s MMI is fact, and you need to deal with it and move on, just as any Typhoon fanboy needs to accept that a single nation programme will always enjoy a faster, simpler ride, or that an aircraft optimised for low level ground attack will beat Typhoon in that role, or that Rafale is a better basis for a carrier aircraft or that the F-22 is a better fighter than Typhoon.

    Ok ๐Ÿ˜€ ๐Ÿ˜€ See above. You’ll never change… :rolleyes:
    You can’t stop repeating “Typhoon MMI are better”, and blending it with nearly undeniable claims…

    One of the reasons that Typhoon’s MMI is superior is because the partner air forces (who contributed to the cockpit and MMI design process to a much greater degree than the French frontline contributed to Rafale’s) have a very much wider variety of flying backgrounds, and many more of them have done exchanges on aircraft with the most modern and most advanced MMIs.

    A matter of number. Your only argument. In France, we also have people who have worked on Typhoon pits, and some who have worked on both… Lots of inputs.
    Only future will say…

    Let’s avoid another sterile argument, as you French blokes seem entirely unable to deal with anyone pointing out any weaknesses in your precious Rafale.

    My arguments aren’t sterile. You’re not simply pointing out weaknesses.
    They just come to defend Rafale against your over-sized and repeated attacks. And I’ve not criticized Typhoon. I’ve not written a single word to talk about it in this thread. Comparing no more interests me.
    Do you really think people over estimate Rafale ? :confused:

    He says Rafale is superior in some ways to Typhoon, but Typhoon is superior in other ways.

    Not exactly.
    Every one (except Foofoone) will say “Rafale is superior in some ways to Typhoon, but Typhoon is superior in other ways”.
    But no one will say :
    “Rafale landing gear is a full generation ahead of Typhoon, as Typhoon has the edge on supersonic drag, and Raptor is a better TVC fighter than Spitfire…”
    for example. ๐Ÿ˜€

    but I don’t think it’s reasonable to accuse him of this “natural upper hand” thing.

    Our feeling comes from his habit to use what he says he’s been told…
    I find it surprising that each time he says something difficult to sustain about Rafale, he feels like he has to compare it to the Typhoon (to emphasize a Typhoon strengh), always around the same points (MMI, radar, engines).

    I can recognize that foreign customers want better engines and a better radar. No problem… But the non-arguments used are unpleasant and arguable.

    Ok, now, I’d like this thread keep being about Rafale, and only Rafale, without comparing it. (ooh, maybe Rafale isn’t interesting enough, and just prone to be compared to Typhoon !?)

    in reply to: Rafale news #2505831
    TMor
    Participant

    Eurofighter have none of this… the same guys was bashing the deltas fighters in the 70’s with they fabulous tornados, why copying the french way of fly if Tornado is so “better”?

    I really hope people here will IGNORE Foofoone.:(

    in reply to: Rafale news #2506038
    TMor
    Participant

    Had the pleasure to hear a presentation of a German EF-pilot some days ago, he was not short of praise for the shear power of the aircraft

    Ok… ๐Ÿ˜€ RAfale thread or not ?
    Rafale pilots also aren’t “short of praise for the shear power of the aircraft”… But this kind of comments, really pleasing, isn’t very interesting in fact… Don’t you think ?

    there are news “the eurofighter is performing”, good, but what? Diet?

    a slim fast program? or maybe the germans are discovering the electronic dopler?

    Eurofighter is just a farce getting weight because badly created, that sellors need to corrupt Govs to sell it!

    BAE systems, 7 countries investing for corruption, what a great compagny isn’t it?

    in my best dream i put the eurofighter beside the Viper Block 60 in modernity, even if the falcon could eat it each morning for the breakfast!

    Please calm down…
    I don’t know if this thread is well perceived, so, if we could avoid flaming…. ๐Ÿ˜Ž
    Do you have something about the M88 history ?

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