That 20×60, that can be used to see the jupiter moons, is it very expensive.

whatever the reason, the unfortunate reality is that Russian technology has been left much behind the west. No body uses russian engines in commercial airliners, simply because Russian engines cannot meet the stringent requirements of engine life, pollution, fuel-economy and noise-levels required by western standards.
One possible solution is that Russia should develop some kind of partner ship with China and India.

Is there something cheap (say U.S.$ 300) that can be used to see the moon.

Futiristic definitely, beautiful ??? (from certain angles looks like a buffalo)
Some how when it comes to looks Russian aircrafts are more charismatic.

What techniques are used to detect target from ground/sea clutter. A problem of this nature also happens in other areas, such as inter symbol interference in digital communication systems, techniques to overcome this problem are well understood.
but what about radars, I understand that doppler phenomena is used to overcome this problem but how exactly it is done.

Culture definitely effects (in a subtle but critical way) the quality, this is not to say that only certain cultures are quality concious, it has to more do with at what point of development/evolution a given culture is.

Both China and Russia were communist countries. Communists have their own perception/definition of quality (and most of their arguments in this regard are quite valid), yet if one looks at the close-up pictures of Russian aircrafts and Chinese aircrafts of one or two decades ago that were roughly produced at the same time, Chinese aircrafts tend to have better fit and finish, though the user requirements in both cases would have been fairly the same.

In middle east, you can find chinese made “decoration-articles/ornaments” so to speak (for the lack of a better word) very cheaply, these are quite small and miniaturised, yet the attention to detail and the hard work is quite obvious. Now admittedly aircrafts are different, but then there is some correlation.

Now if they could just convert this zeal to avionics and engines…..