. . . the Saro Princess was initially postulated to be a patrol bomber, not a flying-boat airliner. Could this be true?
No. Everything I’ve seen says it was commissioned with the intention of it being used by BOAC. The origins of the Princess goes back to SARO’s conviction that very large flying boats were more efficient than smaller boats and ideal for cross ocean flights.
SARO published “The case for the flying boat” in 1943 arguing for very large aircraft of up to 200,000lb (A Sunderland was 65,000lb)
The report is mainly aimed at civil aircraft – it does mention military options where it states “The future requirements of air transport cannot be met by merely adapting military designs; they demand new and specialised development.”
See Flight Nov 25 1943
It could be argued that this move to ever larger aircraft originated in the R.14/40 design specification which became the Shetland – but that is heritage of the design ideas not a change of use of a design part way through
AllanK

Chox,
If you have a County Records Office in Sheffield, you should be able to go through the original Air Raids Wardens Log, which is likely to be more accurate.
Regards, Doug.
Done that in Staffs but couldn’t find a thing! And, of course, censorship prevented detailed reports in the press. Are there records in the National Archives that will give details of individual raids – any references anybody?
AllanK
John’s book also shows two more 228 Squadron Sunderlands with the same roundel – both in the Mediterranean earlier in 1939. The squadron had just returned from there.
Some photos I have of the Aluminium painted Sunderlands pre war all show red white and blue roundels – but they were UK based.
And that where my knowledge on roundels starts to run out . . .
D’you regret asking about these aircraft yet?
AllanK
Dragging inexorably closer to an answer. I had a look in John Evan’s book “Help from the heavens – a history of 228 squadron RAF” (Paterchurch Publications 1998). In it I found this photo:

This is N6135 of 228 Squadron. Chaz Bowyer in “The Short Sunderland (Aston 1989) records that crash as being 10 September 1939 – just eight days before the SS Kensington Court incident.
So we know that, just about a week before, some 228 squadron aircraft were in the Aluminium finish.
And, since not all squadrons used their full squadron code on the aircraft, it is interesting to see that she wore the BH codes and we can assume all 228 squadron aircraft did at that time.
The only confusion is that Hendrie says N9025 was Z/228 and Bowyer says Y/228. We could use another opinion.
AllanK
Certainly an interesting discussion – thanks particularly for finding this:
“At MAEE … the pylon was found to adversely affect elevator control (the elevator chord was subsequently increased by 20 per cent), … Sadly repeated unserviceability dogged the Sydney during its first stay with the testing authorities, which lasted until January 1932; after a second visit it was struck off with no production ensuing.”
‘British Flying Boats‘ Peter London, 2003.
One of the problems here is that it is not always recorded why a thing was done and – as with the Sunderland retractable floats – even more difficult to find why an idea was dropped. “Fashions” would be as much to do with the preferences of the Air Ministry, guided by the work of the MAEE – but yes, it is interesting that some ideas were dropped in the UK but pursued over the pond.
And then there’s the question of designers claiming credit for similar ideas. I’d love somebody to explain the difference between Fowler, Gouge and Fairey-Youngman flaps and which came first – but that’s for another day and another thread.
Oh and Pagen, to be really pedantic for a moment, operating the Catalina float mechanism will either increase or decrease the wing span depending on which way it’s going.
AllanK
The Imperial War Museum has a photo of the SS Kensignton Court incident which shows part of the Sunderland’s upper surface. See:
I’ll have to leave it to you to judge but I can’t see a demarkation line so it could well be Aluminium finish (silver coloured paint). Definitely no white aircraft at that time, likely to have been silver or Land Temperate scheme.
@antoni – thanks for such a comprehensive answer.
It is not known exactly when the White scheme was adopted for Sunderlands but it appears to have been sometime in the first half of 1942. Evidence for this is found in AMO A.664/42 dated 2nd July 1942.
The best I’ve seen with that is more to do with evidence on when it was implemented at the factories rather than when the orders were issued. Have a look at these from the Windermere works:


These particular photos were not dated but DP182 was delivered to Wig Bay in late March 1943 with DP183 following two weeks later
Can I pose a question about the photo of L5802 attached by Etiene above?
I don’t really understand the colours of the paint on that. It doesn’t match the typical Sea Temperate scheme (Extra Dark Sea Grey / Dark Slate Grey). Compare it alongside this drawing below which is fairly accurate (allowing for the usual discrepancies of printing etc). Why the big difference between this colour photo and the accepted colours of Extra Dark Sea Grey / Dark Slate Grey? :confused:


By Teodor Liviu Morusanu from this book.)
Allan
It is well off topic but very interesting. So, a little more on retractable wing tip floats.
SARO – I can’t see anything prior to the post war work on the jet fighter SR.A/1 and the SR.45 Princess. Curiously the first description of the Princess was that the floats retracted inwards into the wing.
“the floats retracting into the lower surface of the wing , with their normally outer surface down.” (London, Peter, Saunders and Saro Aircraft since 1917, Putnam)
That was later changed to the system where the float retracted outwards to forms the wing tip.
Note the SR.A/1 had inward retracting wing tips. Arthur Gouge had left Shorts to join Saunders Roe during the war so this does imply a continuation from the design developed by Short Bros – rather than SARO having their own patent on floats forming the wing tip.
Blackburn B-20: Looking in A J Jackson, (Blackburn Aircraft since 1909, Putnam), we find the retractable planing bottom was subject to a patent. Jackson writes:
“The principles of the invention were the subject of Patent 433925 which also included retraction of the wing tip floats into the engine nacelles”
However, that was 1936 and by the time it was built over three years later, the float retracted the other way to form the wing tip.
The Catalina first flew in 1935 so they didn’t copy the Blackburn idea and I can see no logic to Saro having a patent which they never seemed to have used until the Princess – and even then they initially favoured floats partially retracting into the wing.
Any more anybody?
AllanK
This is good coffee 😮 now look what I found. From a Felixstowe (MAEE) report 1930:

Do note that the report calls for a more detailed set of tank tests and it also highlighted that the data was scattered, making those figures possibly open to error.
The test used tank models and some full scale tests. The view of stubs or sponsons in the UK was that they improved seaworthiness but at the cost of reducing take off efficiency due to water drag and additional weight.
It is interesting stuff – one day I’ll make time to go through it all carefully.
AllanK
Sorry James – cross-posted the info on Short Bros proposed retractable float as an edit while you were doing yours.
I don’t have much on SARO though – I’ll have a look.
AllanK
Interesting info on the Sydney – thanks.
Short Bros (Arthur Gouge’s designs) largely ignored the drag from floats and concentrated on streamlining the main step on the hull – managing to overcome the hydrodynamic problems which made that such a challenge. (compare MkII and MKIII Sunderland steps).
But having said that I’m sure I’ve seen a proposal somewhere that showed Gouge was looking at retractable floats. Now where did I see that?
JDK is right that the Knuckleduster brought too many problems for it to be a challenger to the Stranraer and London (both bi-planes) but it did have a much narrower hull than convention dictated and as such helped pave the way for the Empire and Sunderland designs – a more easily overlooked innovation.
Edit to add: Went to make a coffee, came back and immediately found the reference 🙂
Short Bros were asked to look at retractable wing tip floats for the Mk II Sunderland in January 1940. The floats were estimated to account for nearly 10% of total drag. Shorts came up with a set of drawings for the scheme which also involved redesigning the outer wing, engine mounting and nacelles. It is not clear but it might be the float was to swing inwards behind the outer engine. All info from correspondence with the Air Ministry which then (typically) doesn’t say why it didn’t go ahead.
AllanK
Or do you think HF King hauled back a bit on CGGs self promotion? 😉
This sort of quest is full of little pitfalls and moments of joy as you stumble on something useful. There is an interesting parallel with other created words – think of the Mini car – an invented word adopted into the language for anything small (or short).
. . . and unlike Flight there’s no benefit to the current copyright owners for digitising a different name magazine – as yet.
My hope is that the British Library might be persuaded to do it one day. But they’ve got an awful lot of newspaper/magazine stuff microfilmed to work through.
AllanK
Not sure. All the parts I’ve seen usually have S25 stamped clearly at the start of the number. Unless, of course, they are engine related in which case expect to see the codes for Bristols. Can you find S25 on any of the bits?
AllanK

Hi,
I only have two or three Aeroplane magazines from that era but this might be of interest: 1st January 1914 had a review of 1913 and in the November write up was this paragraph:

Also, I’ve had a look at the origins of “Tabloid” in the Oxford Dictionary.
Tabloid – a term registered on 14 March 1884 by Messrs Burroughs, Wellcome & Cos a trade mark applied to chemical substances used in medicine and pharmacy and afterwards for other goods; held by the court of appeal to be a “fancy word” as applied to the goods for which it is registered and legally restricted to the preparations of the firm named.
However, the dictionary records mention in 1903 of a court case in which Mr Justice Byrne said
The word Tabloid has become so well known . . . in consequence by the use of it by the plaintiff firm in connection with their compressed drugs that I think it has acquired a secondary sense in which it has been used and may legitimately be used s long as it does not interfere with their trade rights. I think the word has been so applied generally with reference to the notion of a compressed form or dose of anything.
It seems that was the initial verdict overturned on appeal. So use for an aeroplane would be unofficial. Sopwith would have risked action if he had used it in adverts.
Anyway, moving to the 1933 supplement to the Oxford Dictionary , this is found:

That seems a bit late for a nickname to be first used, IMHO, so probably worth still chasing the Aeroplane angle. Long job, I wish you happy hunting.
AllanK
Quite – which is why I didn’t bid.
I did buy a number of bound copies of Aeroplane from WWII though to fill some gaps. There were some duplicates and a box full of other books but that’s what eBay’s for.;)