Ah, I see!
Thanks Mark, now I get your drift 😀
I altered my post afterwards to add that I have niggling doubts about my workings.. I may be missing a ‘vector’ element to how the forces act against each other?
Great stuff, Mark
But I would still take issue with your assertion about forward velocity. This is based on – forgive me – a schoolboy error.
It is incorrect to state that velocity has any effect. As I said before, think of something hanging from the roof of Concorde. While the aircraft is neither accelerating or decelerating it is vertical, at 200mph or Mach 2.
The same with the aerial wire. Your ‘worst case’, the one that ignores drag, is vertical. A 200ft cable drops 200ft. Plain and simple. Newton. Plotting a velocity against a force in this way is meaningless. Velocity has NO EFFECT. Drag does.
Yes, drag increases with velocity.
To show my working.. Drag is a force. This force is also dependent upon the density of the medium, the shape of the object (represented by a ‘drag coefficient’), and the effective (presented to the force) surface area.
At a given velocity, all the variables remain static except effective surface area. This is free to vary according to the angle of the wire.
The wire will therefore assume the position – ‘come to rest’ – in a position at which the Drag force (made up of velocity, density, drag coefficient and effective surface area) is equal to the opposing gravitational force. This is in principle similar to ‘terminal velocity’.
The equation worked backwards gives an effective surface area for each velocity. Knowing the width of the wire gives us its ‘effective’ length – ie, the length of the drop, the bit facing the slipstream.
I am a bit concerned about this model working ‘around corners’ whereas the terminal velocity equation I borrowed for it assumes diametrically opposed forces, but my brain starts to melt when I try to work out how that works, or doesn’t. Any REAL physicists out there able to help?
I like the rest of your analysis though!
Not an expert, so this really is just opinion now – but I believe that aircraft are frequently struck by lightning, and without a ground, the ‘bolt’ just passes on through (or ’round’ where there is a metal skin, ie Faraday Cage). However, the heat of the arc might get you if you are caught in it. Wasn’t the rear fuse of an Anson MkI entirely wood? So no Faraday cage protection there as such – Just a bloody great lightning rod sticking out in the form of a trailing wire, and a winch – connected by conductive wires to a wireless.. so it seems feasible. Very. But I doubt it would have ‘discharged itself in the cabin’.. it is contact with ground, surely, that discharges a bolt?
Perhaps the Anson wouldn’t have needed to be particularly near the ground for this to happen – see pic
[ATTACH=CONFIG]223382[/ATTACH]
On the other hand, being connected with the ground, IIRC, makes matters much worse? Mark?
Yes, that’s a point! The Anson and cable just provided a path – no contact required?
..for example 2kg of wire of 2mm diameter @ 288 km/hr will drop 2m / 6ft. Dropping to 208 km/hr doubles this to 12ft.
All this is based on a made-up diameter and estimated material weight (steel). Anyone have any figures for these?
Also, I have seen pictures of lead weights on the end of trailing wires. Add a 5lb weight and in this example at 150mph drop is 6.5 metres – what, 20ft?
Interesting! Having slept on it I realise this is a force equilibrium question, and it would be easy to give an answer given mass per unit length of the wire and its cross-sectional width. It is just a terminal velocity calculation turned upside down to give the area presented in the direction of slipstream for any given speed – (and crucially amount trailed, varying the mass of the system) – and thus the ‘drop’
If you take drag out of the equasion what you are left with is a vertical cable.. Imagine something hanging inside the aircraft, no matter how fast it is travelling.
10-100m is approx 30-300 feet.. so in the critical range for whole or even half wavelengths., and big changes in length when changing frequencies.
I agree that some kind of vector diagram might help resolve this. What is the width of the wire?
Interesting stuff. A couple of observations, though. The horizontal component of the vector diagram is not the speed of the aircraft, it is the drag upon the wire. Gravity acts at 9.8m/s2 , ie meters per second squared, it is an accelerative force not a velocity and so you cannot convert a velocity to ‘match’ this – only another force (ref. Newton) Also, hf wavelengths were / are in the range 10 to 100m, not mm..
That makes perfect sense. The bit about the amount let out depending on frequency – as well as standing to one side!
200ft seems standard for the equipment – this 1938 AP refers to a ‘standard’ trailing aerial – and records 200ft as the length on one example of the T1083 in use on a Swordfish.
AP1186 will probably tell you.. you would need to confirm what radio type you mean. The mid-war onwards R1155 is detailed in this extract – http://www.vmarsmanuals.co.uk/archive/3231_AP1186_R1155_1942.pdf – which gives a trailing aerial length of 200ft. I suspect for your Mk.I Anson you’d be looking at the earlier R1116 – depends when! unfortunately I haven’t found that relevant bit of AP1186
IFF wasn’t linked to voice radios, they were separate radio fits. The MkII IFF used the two wires from fuse to horizontal tail, and was introduced in Spits in the UK from Sept 1940 onwards. It was phased out by 1943. The MkII came in several sub-variants, each one capable of responding to more and more radar wavelengths as they were introduced in theatre. The problem was permanently solved with the introduction of the ‘universal’ MkIII, which used a small aerial mast under a wing rather than the wires.
Exactly what IFF fit was carried would depend upon what interrogating radar the aircraft was expected to respond to at the time, in that theatre.
The aerial wire from mast to tail was fitted while the aircraft carried the TR9D radio. This was an HF radio, and the wavelength required as long an antenna as possible. When the radio was changed to VHF (the APs say TR1133, but in reality these were hand-built and rare, the ‘productionised’ TR1143 being the more common variant), the required antenna (1/4 wavelength) needed only to be 75cm or less. The aerial mast was used, with the actual antenna running up the inside. The wire was not needed, though the bracket to hold the wire often remained. Again, it depends what radios were used in theatre at the time. I suspect VHF.
Thanks Niall – that’s great. And helps to clear things up.
Hi Matt
It’s all very confusing. This is from Vol.I of the AP we have, and it shows both radios as plugging in to the same environment interchangeably – but I’m sure that can’t be right, can it? The controllers were definitely different??
[ATTACH=CONFIG]222950[/ATTACH]
Edit -or did they just end up with two sets of controls – the “send/receive controller” appears dedicated to the TR9D only?:confused:
Thanks Niall! I think I may have got it wrong anyway, with some sources saying the 3003 was used in the first MkII variant – making a choice of unit for the replica easier..
Hutshus Cluudull.. Don’t know whether to laugh or cry. Is this what the USA went to war with them Polish Commies in Flanders (or whatever) for?