The radar antenna is like the CAESAR from about 1500 TRM exist. The prototype is provided for reasons of cost GaAs technology, the production version to receive modules based on GaN. [80] [31] Since the GaAs technology is limited to about 10 Watts per module, the GaN modules have substantially higher radiation power Otherwise, an expensive new development would make no sense. In the scientific publications can be found, for example, X-band GaN modules (AlGaN / GaN HEMT MMIC ) EADS Ulm with 20 watts output and 24% efficiency (PAE). The work, published in 2008, was funded by the WTD 81 and the Federal Ministry of Defence. [83] in 2006 came from the same company, a paper that W AlGaN / GaN HEMT modules with 20-23 and 29 to 36.5% PAE at report did. This work was funded by France and the WTD 81. [84] SELEX Sistemi Integrati published in 2008 a publication in which about 5 mm thick X-band GaN modules of 45 × 15.5 mm size with 30 Watt and 40% PAE presented were. [85] This suggests that a module power of 20 watts is sought.
According to Indra Sistemas be antenna (LRI # 9) Transmitter Auxiliary Unit (TAU) and Antenna Power Supply & Controller (APSC) be different from the Captor-M. The TAU of the Captor-E is to be charged with 12,75 kVA, so after losses 10,58 kW flow into the APSC, which is to work with over 88% efficiency. [86] Consequently, the output power would be here at about 9.31 kW . In conservative 32% PAE per module results in a continuous power of 3 kW. With a duty cycle of 10%, such as at typical radar operation, a pulse power of 30 kW would result, which results in 1500 TRM to about 20 watts per module. This is in perfect agreement with the literature data.
However, it must be considered that exact data the military secret subject. So Toshiba announced in 2006 and 2007 to have an X-band GaN-TRM completed with 50 to 81.3 watts. [87] There is no reason to suspect why the modules of the Captor-E, which is 10 years later in series are produced, should have a lower peak power. Since the energy supply is limited to 9.31 kW, and not arbitrarily high heat losses can be dissipated, the duty cycle would (and ultimately, the pulse repetition frequency are) reduced. This corresponds to the application profile as high-power microwave weapon (HPM), since only pulse repetition rates of 20 Hz are required to 20 kHz. [63] The cooling of the components to the Captor-E by evaporative cooling can be realized. [86] The detection range is 59 km against a Lockheed Martin F-35 are. [88]
Signal processing [ Edit ]
By the Euro Fighter Typhoon practiced sensor fusion on the Attack and Identification System (AIS) , the radar modes are selected automatically in the normal case the onboard computer, the operation of the Captor is governed exclusively by the VTAS principle (VTAS – Voice, Throttle and Stick). instead of [51 ] [48] The general operation of the radar is as follows: First, the radar is transmitting in the mode Velocity Search (VS) to detect approaching targets in ground clutter. If targets discovered is in the Range While Search (RWS) changed mode. The computer then begins to create a track file, and works in Track While Scan (TWS) mode on, while searching for new targets. Subsequently, the identity of the targets by NIS or NCTI is detected, and the threats prioritized. Then, optionally, other modes are as Raid Assessment and Threat Assessment applied. [45] are more modes and abilities, not fully listed:
Synthetic Aperture Radar / Automatic Target Recognition: Even older aircraft types have a SAR mode, but the pilot must look for yourself goals, provided that the resolution of the image is high enough. When Captor-D / E, this function is automated: The high-resolution SAR image is first with a Gaussian filter smoothed to reduce details. Then, from each pixel on the basis of the gradient and its direction to the neighboring pixels determined. If the magnitude of the gradient of a pixel is greater than that of the neighboring pixel in a certain direction, the pixel is declared to be edge and otherwise associated with the background. Weak edges are protected by a hysteresis threshold eliminated ( Canny algorithm ). After another algorithm generated closed structures, the invariant Fourier descriptors of the image are calculated, and these for automatic target identification in an artificial neural network fed. [52] Here, multiple subnets are parallel, the final result between the subnets is determined by voting. [ 53] The positions of the detected targets are then marked on the SAR image by red diamonds on the hash of the target type is displayed in red text, such as ” T72 “or” MLRS “. The radar generated image is placed on a computer stored in the vector map with a known GPS co-ordinates, in order to calculate the GPS data of the targets. Alternatively, can be determined on the basis of its own GPS position and different camera angles and distances, the GPS target position. For training the neural network EADS developed software in the CAD models of targets are set at a map, and the scene is converted to a SAR image. The algorithm then tries despite disturbing objects of different target angle and partial occlusion of targets to discover this. [54] [55]
Non Cooperative Target Identification: Since the late 80s radars are generally able to JEM, but that only works in the front area of the aircraft, because the turbine must be visible. For fighter aircraft radars next-generation implementation of HRR was provided. As the name High Range Resolution suggests, the aim of the length is profiled. A series of narrow-band nanosecond pulses are sent to a high range resolution to achieve in the meter range. In addition to this standard method, there is also the possibility of narrow-band chirp to send with stepped carrier frequencies as a continuum. The former was already possible before 1987, the latter was newly developed by BAE Systems. Which method is used when CAPTOR is secret, but probably the latter. The radar echo of the target are now over the time a characteristic frequency response, since a pulse is first reflected by the nose, cockpit cover, air intake, leading edges of the wings and vertical stabilizer (If the target is irradiated from the front). In general, a bandwidth of 400 MHz and a large number of measurements deemed necessary to identify air goals. Along with the track data of the target, which are needed to determine the angle of the target to the radar, the characteristic frequency response of the echo can be assigned over time by a database matching a target type. [56] After the pilot in the display is an abbreviation for the aircraft type displayed, eg ” mrg3 “or” FLKR “. In order not to let the database size out of hand for inserts only the aircraft type data loaded is to be expected its occurrence in each area. [57] Since the external load configuration of the target are not known, it can lead to difficulties in the non-cooperative target identification come. In this case, hundreds of HRR profile of the target are made to filter out the echoes of the external loads, and to calculate therefrom an ISAR image. However, the target must for move relative to the radar, and the radar dwell long on the target, which is tactically unfavorable. [56] The ISAR image can be the pilot probably represented in the “Visual Identification” mode on the display, the resolution per pixel point is worse than PIRATE .
Space-Time Adaptive Processing / Combat Search: This ability is at the heart of the Captor-E. When Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) slow-flying targets can be detected even under the influence of clutter and interference, even if their echo signal would otherwise be lost in the noise. To a plurality of sub-apertures can be used, with which the reflected wave from the floor field is sampled at different times. The signals in each channel are different, ideally, only by this time offset. Moving target having a radial component of velocity change, however, within this period of time its distance to the sensor, so that the signals are subject to a phase shift and can be distinguished from the Cluttersignalen. In the vicinity of the echo signal of a target only the change over time is no longer considered, but also the spatial variation compared (Space-Time). [58] The principle is also used to slow ground targets in Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) mode of operation . discover [59] Where an air target is lost in TWS mode, the suspected target area does not need more time-consuming with a signal leg be swung: The mode combat search generates multiple signal lobes, which occupy the target area like a chessboard in an angular range of 20 ° × 20 ° . Idealized as a sufficient pulse being transmitted and received through multiple signal beams to find the lost target again. [60]
Adaptive Beam Forming
Jammer Mapping / deterministic nulling: The Captor-E (rumored to also Captor-M) has the ability to Jammer mapping . The identity and the angle of the jammer by spectral processing with high accuracy is determined. The Captor-E begins with the Digital Adaptive Beamforming : Since the directivity of an AESA antenna can be manipulated by controlling the T / R modules, zeros are in the direction of the jammer antenna pattern set. [60] The art is in the to make zeros as narrow as possible so that targets can be reliably detected in addition to troublemakers. In AMSAR flights so the signal strength of interference sources could be reduced to the background noise, so that targets again appeared. [61] In order to improve the result even deterministic nulling is wall. The received signals of the T / R modules over all degrees of freedom of the antenna from the signal processor are weighted differently in order to reduce the impact of interferers on. [59] The principle is shown in the right picture.
Low Probability of Intercept: To the likelihood of detection by enemy radar detector and electronic support measures to reduce the Captor-E will receive an LPI mode. Details are also little known; so shall the radar with a wide main lobe, send and received by multiple lobes with high antenna gain. [60]
Noise Jamming / High-Power Microwave: When used as a jammer, the radar transmits simultaneously at all frequencies at full strength, the radar energy is focused on the opponent’s X-band antenna. On target radar thereby increases the background noise, the signal-to-noise ratio worsens, the range decreases. If the available effective radiated power of the antenna’s large enough, further signal lobes airspace search, target tracking or disturbance can be formed. If the burn-through distance below, the broadband noise is pointless. If the opponent is close enough to the Captor-E, uses the HPM-Mode: The radar energy is extremely heavily focused on the target, and the transmission frequency, the pulse repetition rate and the signal pattern adapted to the target. The energy penetrates through a front door into the object, usually the viewfinder of the weapon (IR or radar), or via feedback effects of the surface and openings ( back-door ). Inside, which forms an electromagnetic field, which – interferes with the electronics of the weapon – in choosing appropriate transmission parameters. This leads to an increase in the bit error rate , and, at best, to computer crashes . [62] applications include the diversion of enemy missiles, and Suppression of Enemy Air Defences . [63] While the jammer function as soon as possible with the introduction of the Captor-E should be available, [64] is the use planned as an energy weapon until later. [65]
High-Speed Data Link / Cyber Attack: AESA antennas can also act as directional antennas are used to transmit data with high data transfer rate to send. The AN/APG-77 can send, for example, with 548 Mbit / s, and received in the gigabyte range. [66] Since the Captor-E the same carrier frequency used similar speeds will be possible. The data transfer function shall promptly comply with the introduction of the Captor-E is available. [64] The use of a cyber weapon to inject malicious programs is planned for later. [65] By Suter , which was developed by BAE Systems to attack enemy computer networks and communication systems , competence and experience in the euro radar consortium already exists.
Bistatic Radar / Space-Based Radar: The ability to exchange data packets between radars, allows two Captor-E to use as a bistatic radar. [67] Due to the inclined, rotating antenna surface can move the machine during cooperation fly on a parallel course. Exotic possible application would be to use a satellite with the X-band in the AESA orbit as a transmitter and the CAPTOR-E as passive radar use. The principle was already in November 2007 with the satellite TerraSAR-X demonstrated. [38] The successor system of the SAR-Lupe , SARah called, should also get a satellite with AESA, which on the TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X is based. [68 ] The AESA radar prototype PACER (Phased Array Concepts Evaluation Rig) DERA, which should support the development of AMSAR, for example, only consisted of passive X-band receiver modules, and should explore, among other things, the bistatic application. [69]
[(1/0.001)^(0.25)] x 59 = 332km for an object of 1m^2 RCS.
[(1/0.005)^(0.25)] x 59 = 222km for an object of 1m^2 RCS.
There is also a calculation in there for the Typhoon RCS if anyone is bold enough.:dev2:
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