The other Yak canard is called “Kashka” or something similar. Scanned from PiBu’s Lotnictwo Wojskowe Rosji.

Zhuk and Bars were the first Russian fighter radars with digital signal processors. They used Soviet DSPs, but Zhuk/Kopyo at least had a hardwired digital signal processor equivalent to early APG-63 and only the post-Soviet Zhuk-M has a modern reprogrammable digital signal processor built with Western components.

Bars currently still uses the original Russian DSP design, but now with Indian data processors. I imagine that will change in the future.

That article has a picture of the Russian An-71 AEW bottom right.

http://www.foxbat.ru/maks/aviasvit_2002/index.php?picid=aviasvit_006

Here’s another pic from the same site.

translated from:

http://www.airwar.ru/enc/spy/yak44.html

creation of the ship radar picket aircraft and guidance (RLDN) Yak-44E is inseparably connected with the creation of the domestic aircraft-carrying ships and a constant increase in the importance of information input of combat operations of carrier-based aviation, especially at the large removal from coast airfields.

As is known, during formation and development of the concepts of creation and combat employment of the aircraft-carrying ships in THE USSR, and then in Russia, started the very inconsistent and contradictory solutions, which led to the analogous solutions during the production of technical policy and the creation of aviation equipment for these ships. We became the direct witnesses of the concentrated consequences of such solutions today. Actually, the contemporary Russian aircraft-carrying fleet consists of the only ship (large part of the time of that locating in the repair), two ten ship aircraft Su-33, and tens of pilots, who already almost four years did not sit down themselves on the deck.

But even these forces in the composition of ship grouping will be helpless in the absence of timely information about the air and above-water enemy, which it is capable to grant ship aircraft RLDN, which acts in the composition of the air group of the aircraft-carrying ship. The problem of information input of combat operations of the ship groupings is solved by the installation of special radio-technical complex to different platforms, as which they can be examined: helicopters, aircraft, convertiplanes, balloons, dirigibles, BPLA and ships.

The most effective platforms at present acknowledged aircraft. One of the most successful projects in t

his field is developed OKB im. A. s. Yakovlev aircraft RLDN Yak-44E. the creation of this aircraft they preceded work on promising to the period aircraft-carrying ships.

In 1968 simultaneously with the design of antisubmarine cruiser so on. 1143, in Neva drawing and designing bureau (NPKB) began the studies of the appearance of the promising aircraft carrier of project 1160 with the catapult takeoff of aircraft.

In the composition of the air armament of aircraft carrier so on. 1160 were intended to include multipurpose destroyers with the variable sweepback of wing MiG-23A, subsonic antisubmarine aircraft P -42, ship supersonic impact aircraft with the variable sweepback of wing Su-24K and carrier-baseds helicopter ka-252.

Air group of aircraft carrier so on. 1160 had to consist of 12 destroyers Su-27K or Su-29K (one of ship versions Su-27), 12 attack aircraft Su-28K, four scout-target indicators Su-28KRQ, six antisubmarine aircraft P-42, four aircraft P-42 of the version RLDN and eight ASW helicopters Ka-252 (Ka-31).

Subsonic antisubmarine aircraft P-42 was projected BY OKB G. M. Beriev according to the resolution of the commission SM of the USSR for military industrial questions from 05. About. 71 g. according to overall diagram P -42 to a considerable degree repeated the carrier-based antisubmarine aircraft “Viking”. He was carried out according to the schematic of high wing monoplane with the wing of the moderate sweepback, the trapeziform classical tail assembly with the elevators and direction even two TRDD º – TURBOFAN ENGINE» D-36 in the nacelles under the wing.

Aircraft had to take off from the ship catapult, and the construction of its glider and the chassis were calculated for the deck-landing with the braking by arresting gear for the landing hook.

The places during the storage on the deck and in the hangar of the aircraft carrier of the outer plane of wing and keel P-42 were added for the savings.

Besides the basic version PLO was planned the development of the versions of tanker aircraft, carrier-based aircraft RLDN, search and rescue, transport, etc. the development of the preliminary design of aircraft P -42 was completed in 1972, and the flight tests of the first experiment aircraft had to begin in 1976.

The development of the aircraft P-42 PLO was assigned first priority, and the creation of the version P-42 RLDN was put aside. However, the destroyers ship air group of pr. 1160 could not effectively ensure BY PVO º – AIR DEFENSE» of ship connection what was the basic task of Soviet aircraft carrier, since for the control of their combat operations there was no ship aircraft RLDN.

On the basis of the executed BY NPKB studies on the aircraft-carrying ships, in the spring of 1976 was accepted the decision of government about the design in 1976-1977 and the building to 1985 g of two atomic aircraft-carrying ships so on. 1153, which in the concept in practice did not differ from pr. 1160; however, their air group was reduced from 60-70 to 50 LA.

During November 1977 it was decided to forego building of the heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers (TAKR) so on. 1153, and building subsequent TAKR of pr. 1143, beginning from the fifth, to conduct taking into account the guarantee of a basing on them not only WITH VTOL AIRCRAFT of the type Yak-141 and helicopters kA -252, but also the aircraft of catapult takeoff Su-27K and Su-25K.

Prepared to November 1980 precise TTZ for the development TAKR so on. 1143.5 provided for ship creation with a displacement of 55 000 t with the air group of 46 LA (destroyers Yak-141, Su-27K, MiG-29K aircraft RLDN Yak-44E, helicopters kA -27 and kA -27PS).

However, it was not affirmed, but during April 1981 was accepted the solution about the modernization of second constructed TAKR so on. 1143.4 in the direction of an increase in the number of its air group to 40 LA and in the start in its composition, besides THE VTOL AIRCRAFT Yak-141 and the helicopters, the destroyers Su-27K and MiG-29K, for takeoff of which in the nose section of the flight deck it was provided for to build springboard.

For the information input of ships of carrier-based grouping, and also for the control of the combat operations of carrier-based fighters in authorized strength of air group ANK so on. 1143.4 were included turboprop aircraft RLDN Yak-44E with the storage on the upper deck.

The development of aircraft Yak-44E was assigned TO OKB Of a. s. Yakovlev in 1979 subsequently it was planned to create other modifications, including antisubmarine aircraft.

To November 1979 OF OKB Of a. s. Yakovlev prepared technical proposal on the aircraft RLDN Yak-44E with the basing on land airfields and aboard the aircraft-carrying ships (takeoff from the springboard, landing on the arresting gear).

In it were examined two alternative versions RTK: “Fakel” (with the inner fuselage arrangement of antennas RLS – one in the forward fuselage and the second – in the tail) and E-700 (with the antenna SURVEILLANCE RADAR in the revolving fairing above the fuselage).

During March 1980 g, in OKB took place the conference of the assistant of the chairman OF VPK SM the USSR N. s. stroyeva, Glavkoma VMF Of s. g. Gorshkov, Glavkoma VVS Of p. s. kutakhov, minister AP of v. a. Zazakov and minister RP of p. s. pleshakov, on whom there was the considered technical proposal OF OKB conference it approved the version of aircraft with RTK “Fakel”.

Initially diagram Yak-44E included combined SU of two cruise TVD – turboshaft engines- under the wing and four lift TRD – turbojet engines- in the fuselage.

Lift engines were used only on the takeoff and the fitting for reduction in the unstick speed of aircraft from the deck of ship and its approach for the fitting. Calculated takeoff run length of aircraft Yak-44E from the springboard was 150-200 m, calculated cruising flight speed – 450 km/h, and the duration of patrolling – about 5 h.

RTK of aircraft had to reveal the aircraft of enemy in air at a distance of 150-200 km from the ship and direct on them carrier-based fighters. The range of detection of surface targets comprised more than 300 km it governed aircraft and its RTK crew of three people.

However, installation in the fuselage Yak-44E four PD and the significant required fuel reserves hampered the layout of systems RTK on the aircraft. Many problems arose also in the developers OF RTK “Fakel”, which led to the pulling, and then to the curtailment during March of 1983 works on this complex and to the serious retarding of the development of aircraft Yak-44E as a whole.

In the same period, beginning with 1982, OKB 0. K. Antonov on the base of tactical military transport aircraft An-72 developed aircraft RLDN An-71 for VVS Therefore, for the output from the created complex situation during March 1983 it was decided to undertake the development of the alternative design of ship aircraft RLDN and to lay this task on OKB 0. K. Antonov. On the base aircraft An-72 for increasing the lift of wing and takeoff and landing characteristics of both cruise TRDD º – TURBOFAN ENGINE» D -436k of its power plant were placed above the wing, ensuring the blowout of its upper surface and mechanization. For increasing the thrust-weight ratio of aircraft An-71 was additionally equipped with booster TRD – TURBOJET ENGINE- RD-38.

The ship-based derivative, aircraft An-71K, it was intended to equip with three booster TRD – TURBOJET ENGINE- RD-38. The antenna RLS RTK E-700 [Kvant] was placed in the round flat mushroom-shaped fairing at the apex of the vertical fin, which had negative sweepback on the trailing and leading edges.

Preliminary design An-71K was prepared to the autumn of 1984 as a result of examining the preliminary design it turned out that the geometric dimensions and takeoff mass An-71K do not make it possible to place it aboard the ship, and further development of ship aircraft RLDN An-71K was ended.

In connection with this, from October 1984 OF OKB Of a. s. Yakovlev it continued works on Yak-44E on the basis of the new assembly design diagram, in which there is no lift engines, and high takeoff thrust-weight ratio and blowout of the upper wing surface for increasing its lift were ensured by propfan engines D-27 (at present these engines they are used in the power plant of new Russian- Ukrainian military transport aircraft An-70).

New version Yak-44E had to be equipped with RTK E-700 with antenna RLS in the mushroom-shaped fairing above the fuselage as on the American carrier-based aircraft E -2 “Hawkeye”.

During December 1985 it was gone down to the water “order 105” (since 1990 TAKR “Kuznetsov”), began building the second analogous ship (“order 106”, and since 1990 TAKR “Varangian”), and on 25 November, 1988, it was placed ANK of pr.yyyae.”(“order 107 “, future ATAKR” Ul’yanovsk”), on the project, which provided for the ski jump and catapult takeoff of aircraft.

On board “Ul’yanovsk” had to be placed that increased of the park of ship aircraft, including aircraft RLDN.

During September 1988 was prepared the preliminary design of the new version of aircraft Yak-44E. on the sums of its examination during January 1989 was accepted the decision by the CC CPSU and SM of the USSR about the creation of multipurpose aircraft RLDN Yak-44E with RTK E-700, equipped with two TVVD – Propfan- D-27 (takeoff power 14 000 l. s.) and to development on its base of other modifications of ship basing.

Building prototypes Yak-44E and its series production was charged to Tashkent aviation PO im. V. p. Chkalov (TAPOiCh). It was planned, that the multipurpose aircraft RLDN Yak-44E subsequently will be supplied and in VVS.

From June 1989 in OKB Of a. s. Yakovlev began working the design and the preparation for building prototypes Yak-44E. was prepared full-scale construction-engineering aircraft scale model and its scale (on a scale 1:5) model for radio-technical studies. For the flight tests TVVD D -27, and Yak-44E it had to become the first in the world aircraft with this type of engine, was created flying laboratory Yak-42LL.

During January 1990 took place the protection of draft-engineering project and aircraft scale model Yak-44E. According to the fundamental technical characteristics it it substantially exceeded last modifications only in the world ship aircraft DRLO E -2 “Hawkeye” with the catapult takeoff. However, because of the reduction of financing, further work along the aircraft Yak-44E was slowed down, and in 1992, after the curtailment of building ATAKR “Ulyanovsk”, they were stopped in the preparation stage for building of experimental aircraft for the flight tests.

The leaders of the creation of aircraft RLDN Yak-44E in the different time were A. s. Yakovlev, A. a. levinskikh, S. a. Yakovlev and A. n. dondukov.

It should be noted that partially the task of ship aircraft RLDN it could solve ship helicopter Ka-252RLD (Ka-31), which was being created on the base of ship transport- combat helicopter Ka-252TB (Ka-29).

However, it ensured observation of the surface ships, aim designation to ship rocket weapon, detection and tracking the low-flying aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles, but it could not solve the problem of the guidance of destroyers to the aerial targets. Therefore, the effective application of carrier-based fighters was ensured only when, on board ANK, the specialized aircraft are present, RLDN.

Despite the fact that from the moment of the curtailment of works along the aircraft Yak-443 passed already more than 12 years, it did not lose its urgency and it remains the only in the world aircraft RLDN, capable of acting from the aircraft-carrying ships, equipped with skijumps, and this ability even for a long time will be claimed not only for Russian VMF.

High takeoff and landing characteristics of aircraft Yak-44E and its versions (ship and base antisubmarine, military transport, patrol, fireman, rescue, etc..) they are important also if necessary for actions from coast airfields, which have short or damaged VPP, especially in the regions with the under-developed airfield network. Therefore according to the objective indices aircraft RLDN Yak-44E and its versions, until now, are completely competitive in their class both on the internal and on the external market.

Technical description.

Aircraft RLDN Yak-44E is one of the basic information- reconnaissance means and is the extension radar post, combined with the air fighter control and direction center of aviation to the discovered air, ground-based and above-water targets.

Yak-44E it ensures: the control of air, ground-based and above-water space; the notification of troops about the actions of enemy; the guidance of aviation to the discovered targets.

Aircraft is executed according to the schematic of high wing monoplane with the straight wing, equipped with slats, double-slot flaps with the deflectors, spoilers and spoilers.

Two propfan engines are arranged under the wing. Tail assembly is executed according to the diverse double-keel diagram.

By fuel- it is placed in the caisson tanks ah of root of the wing and in the stabilizer.

Aircraft has the three-strut landing gear with the front controlled support retractable in flight. Basic supports are removed into the engine nacelles.

Aircraft systems

Aircraft has the following main systems: starting and administration of power plant; fuel; hydropneumatic; power supply (SES); deicing (POS); air conditioning; air cooling (SVO); liquid cooling and supercharging; fire protection; oxygen equipment.

On the aircraft is established the remote electrical system for control (SDU), which is the integrated analog-digital system for control of aircraft and high-lift device of wing with the autonomous steering drives, that ensures flight with different position of center of gravity in aircraft, connected with the different versions of equipment and servicing with fuel.

On Yak-44E are established two autonomous hydraulic systems.

In the upper fuselage section before the wing is established the air duct with the radiators SKV and SVO, and also the aggregates of these systems.

On the engines are established four drive- generators SES with a total power of 300 kW in the case of the complete failure SES nourishment SDU it is ensured by alternator with the drive from the air-driven turbine, established in the forward fuselage.

On the aircraft is established combined POS:

the inlet-lip leading edges of engines, SKV and slats are warmed by air-heat method;
on the leading edges of tail assembly are used the rubber protectors of pneumatic POS;
the propellers of engines, their fairings, glazing and PVD are supplied with thermoelectric POS.
Automatic fire extinguishing system shields the compartments of engines and VSU.

The means of manual fire extinguishing are established in the flight deck.

The autonomous starting of engines on the earth is ensured BY VSU – the auxiliary gas turbine engine, arranged hearth by the floor of equipment bay.

In the crew compartments are placed rafts to 3 and b of places.

In the section of operators is placed the canteen, toilet and place of leisure, that make it possible to ensure endurance flight.

Onboard equipment.

Onboard radio-electronic equipment of aircraft is the totality of the functionally connected information and information-control systems, digital computational means, systems of control and indication. The basal information metabolism between the systems is accomplished along the multiplex channels of information exchange (MK.I0).

Content of the equipment:

radio-technical complex;
flight complex;
the integrated system for control;
weather-navigation radar;
control system of obshchesamoletnym equipment;
onboard automated system of control;
onboard device of registration;
the system of power supply;
the device of the ejection of dipole reflectors and of thermal decoys;
the responder of national recognition;
rezervnye.pribory;
marker receiver;
responder UVD;
lighting equipment.
Systems, entering the flight complex:

central digital computer;
the multifunctional control panels and indication; the integrated system of electronic indication with five colored displays;
navigation complex with the radio-technical system of short-range navigation, the inertial navigation system, the integrated system of distant and satellite navigation;
the altitude-speed equipment, which consists of two systems of air signals, two radio altimeters and the warning system of critical behaviors; automatic radio compass.
The equipment of aircraft Yak-44E ensures:

Flight complex:

the continuous automatic determination of moving coordinates according to the data of inertial systems with the correction according to the data of radio equipment of neighbor, distant, and also satellite navigation;
formation and mapping flight information about the state of aircraft systems and the parameters of power plant on the cathode-ray indicators;
Integrated system for the control:

automatic air navigation in the horizontal and vertical planes along the programmed route;
automatic landing approach on the signals of ground radio-technical equipment of fitting;
the stabilization of the given values of height, speed, course, bank, pitch.
Weather-navigation RLS:

indication to the crew of information about thunderstorm weather formations and issuing recommendations regarding their optimum circling.
Onboard automated system of the control:

the control of fitness for work and technical state of systems and equipment in flight;
the documentation of the results of control and their transfer along the telemetering links of communications for the ground stations of technical basing;
the control of operational-flight limitations;
the search for malfunctions, the prognostication of technical state, the calculation of the remainder of the service life of systems and equipment.

Stats

Span of wing, m 25.70
Length of aircraft, m 20.39
Aircraft altitude, m 8.46
Wing area, m2 49.20
Mass, kg
the empty aircraft 21200
the maximum takeoff 30400
Type of the engine 2 TVVD D-27
Power, hp. 2 X 4700
Maximum cruising speed, the km/h 680
Duration of flight, ch 12
The service ceiling, m
Crew, the man 5

NAA = North American Aviation = Later on, North American Rockwell.

A better insight into the appearance of 3M25 Meteorit comes from this picture of it 😉

North American concept is shown above 🙂

Paper only, no prototypes. Some mockups were built though.