A dead program, died a long, long time ago.
http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1980/1980%20-%202059.htmlFlight tests were sucessfully carried in 1987 then the wall came crumbling down, and sudenly the Exocet was more than good enough.
Thanks.
Well here (AN/ALR-94, and AN/ASQ-239 are far more than detection systems):
[I]”BAE Systems’ AN/ASQ-239 Barracuda system is derived from the F-22 Raptor’s AN/ALR-94 EW suite and provides Electronic Support Measures (ESM) and high sensitivity electronic surveillance capabilities, full-spectrum situational awareness and multi-spectral missile countermeasures. According to certain sources, the Barracuda offers precise geo-location and targeting of potential hostile emitters, without the need for triangulation .and thus other networked aircraft. The Barracuda is also integrated with Northrop Grumman’s Communications, Navigation and Intelligence (CNI) suite data links for real-time data sharing as well as the APG-8.1 AESA radar, which is reported to have RF surveillance and jamming, in addition to cyberwarfare capabilities.
ASQ-239 seems to have interferometric ESM but AN/ALR-94 doesn’t. APG-81 has jamming capabilities but not advanced cyberwarfare capabilities to jam datalinks and ESM systems.
The technology refresh program is reported to be connected to the hardware modules only and will not affect the countermeasures systems and antenna arrays. The enhancements are reported to be introduced with aircraft belonging to Low Rate Initial Production 7, based on Block 3 baseline software and capabilities. To be applied to all F-35 versions belonging to American and international customers, work is expected to be completed by March 2018.
The Fiscal Year (FY) 2014 Presidential budget request, however, provides a deeper knowledge of F-35 EW suite, specifically the expandable countermeasures equipping the stealth aircraft. The description for air expandable countermeasures request by US Navy groups together “all unique countermeasures that provide self-protection for the JSF, specifically ALE-70, MJU-68, MJU-69 and CCU-168”. While contracts for specifically tailored MJU-68/69 flares and CCU-168 impulse cartridge have already been assigned to BAE Systems for the F-35, the Department of Defence for the first time unveils the existence of the ALE-70 expandable countermeasure. According to collected data on the same system, the ALE-70 is reported to be an RF towed decoy. In the latter case, the FOTD is to be driven by a technique generator on board the F-35, which could imply the use of an RF jammer”
[/I]http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Aircraft+self-protection+against+sophistication.-a0363687470
Funny that. The B-2 is being upgraded too. Looks like stealth has recognised its limitations.
I’ll let others debunk the rest of your post with the exception of this:
exactly how many aircraft with AESA capable of jamming enemy radar do you think are in service right now? Hint, there’s not one typhoon with an AESA flying, and perhaps 2-3 rafale.
Rafale AESA can’t jam AFAIK. Typhoon CAESAR can jam and more (i.e. spamming datalinks used to guide BVR missiles).
From Wiki:
Franco-German ANS/ANF
What’s that?
.
The Rebels Installed AAA infornt of State Admin Building Donestk
.
was that Mi 8 hit by AAA shells ..Because Most of the Ukrainian Rotary wings are Installed with Infrared Countermeasure Station Adron KT-01AVE Adros who makes the MANPAD is no effective with them
Apparently ineffective against Igla-S variant:
http://adron.ua/en/weoffer/developments/adros-kt-01-ave
This allows of full lock-on failure for such guided missiles, as “Stinger”, “Igla”, “Igla-1”, R-60М, R-73, “Sidewinder” and other.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K38_Igla
Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch)
The newest variant, which is a substantially improved variant with longer range, more sensitive seeker, improved resistance to latest countermeasures, and a heavier warhead. State tests were completed in December 2001 and the system entered service in 2002. Series produced by the Degtryaev plant since December 1, 2004.
http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-410.html
Control and guidance – vserakursnym infrared homing guidance E435 proportional development of the Leningrad Optical and Mechanical Association “LOMO”, Chief Designer – Evdokimov IV (?). GOS has two photodetectors operating in different bands.
Datapoint on the 117 Engine for PAK-FA
Source?
.
Full Story of Yesterday Close Air Support Mission
http://theaviationist.com/2014/05/27/ukrainian-offensive-donetsk/
Interesting that no NATO/EU governments have complained about this after they complained about armed protesters being shot by police (with hunting rifle ammunition) in February.
I’m not as sure about that, because one would probably also need a more powerful (and consequently more expensive) radar.
Or better passive detection of enemies using ground-based systems or advanced RWR, or active VHF ground-based systems.
Active countermeasures such as POET and RT-1489 GEN-X have been around for 20+ years. Typically, the specifics of ECM is tightly held, so I doubt you will see any details of the latest technology stuff online.
I can’t find anything to say they have DRFM.
Since december 2013 the F-35B it is operational and working to achieve IOC with VMFA-121. VMA-211 is the next starting this year.
Only for testing.
http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130531/DEFREG02/305310021
WASHINGTON — The F-35 joint strike fighter will be operational for the US Marines in December 2015, followed by the Air Force in December 2016 and the Navy in February 2019.
Having an overlapping radar coverage does not negate the JSF’s ability to map and share the information.
Passive detection is all fine and dandy (and not new), but at some point you have to go active to get a lock, at which point any jet with a decent rwr will see you.
JSF just takes this to the next level by self-geolocation and the ability to share the info without giving its position away. For weak signals, the JSF also automatically collaborates to determine a location, again without giving it’s position away.
http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N63/Stealth.63f.html
Implications of Roke Manor
Given a cell phone network, massively parallel computers, and the Roke Manor software, how much can one determine about a plane? Quite a bit, as it turns out.
“If you can get a radar return, you can get all kinds of information from the return signal if you can process it sufficiently,” Hansman said. “For example, if you an look at the Doppler shift of the returned signal, you can get aircraft velocity. If you are sensitive enough, you can see frequency effects, such as engine rotation or structural vibration. If you have several receivers or different imaging angles, you can begin to reconstruct an image of the target.”
These data further reduce the effectiveness of stealth technology. While stealth has always returned a small signal, even to monostatic radars, that signal is so small that it is usually filtered out either by the radar scope or by the operator. However, with velocity and shape information, as well as software specifically designed to detect the inconsistencies that give away a stealth airplane, it becomes considerably easier to separate planes from birds in the sky.
Defense researchers and experts in the defense industry also seem to agree that the technology is sound. Some believe this to be a natural development in radar technology.
http://servv89pn0aj.sn.sourcedns.com/~gbpprorg/mil/radar/sentry.pdf
Silent Sentry™ 2 (SS2) is Lockheed Martin’s new all-weather, passive surveillance technology. The SS2 system
is a receive system that exploits transmissions from multiple commercial FM radio stations to passively detect
and track airborne targets in real-time.…and unlike “scanning” radars, Silent Sentry provides continuous coverage of the airspace.
Delay (time difference of arrival) and Doppler (frequency difference of arrival) measurements for
each detected target are extracted. The measurement data are associated by target and a tracking filter estimates
the state vector (position, velocity, and acceleration) for each target. This state data can then be presented to a
tactical display or communicated to other systems via standard data-links
Sounds accurate enough for targeting. Interestingly, advanced RWR may be capable of passive targeting too, like the one used by the EA-18G and probably other interferometry-based systems too:
http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/ANALQ218EWReceiverSuite/Pages/default.aspx
http://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~anita/new/papers/militaryHandbook/sig-sort.pdf
http://rafalenews.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/rafale-and-eurofighter-selected-by.html
Kind of a problem if you’re using radar to guide your own missiles. In summary, you don’t need collaboration to attain targeting information with the latest ESM and passive radar systems.
Well here (AN/ALR-94, and AN/ASQ-239 are far more than detection systems):
[I]”BAE Systems’ AN/ASQ-239 Barracuda system is derived from the F-22 Raptor’s AN/ALR-94 EW suite and provides Electronic Support Measures (ESM) and high sensitivity electronic surveillance capabilities, full-spectrum situational awareness and multi-spectral missile countermeasures. According to certain sources, the Barracuda offers precise geo-location and targeting of potential hostile emitters, without the need for triangulation .and thus other networked aircraft. The Barracuda is also integrated with Northrop Grumman’s Communications, Navigation and Intelligence (CNI) suite data links for real-time data sharing as well as the APG-8.1 AESA radar, which is reported to have RF surveillance and jamming, in addition to cyberwarfare capabilities.
The technology refresh program is reported to be connected to the hardware modules only and will not affect the countermeasures systems and antenna arrays. The enhancements are reported to be introduced with aircraft belonging to Low Rate Initial Production 7, based on Block 3 baseline software and capabilities. To be applied to all F-35 versions belonging to American and international customers, work is expected to be completed by March 2018.
The Fiscal Year (FY) 2014 Presidential budget request, however, provides a deeper knowledge of F-35 EW suite, specifically the expandable countermeasures equipping the stealth aircraft. The description for air expandable countermeasures request by US Navy groups together “all unique countermeasures that provide self-protection for the JSF, specifically ALE-70, MJU-68, MJU-69 and CCU-168”. While contracts for specifically tailored MJU-68/69 flares and CCU-168 impulse cartridge have already been assigned to BAE Systems for the F-35, the Department of Defence for the first time unveils the existence of the ALE-70 expandable countermeasure. According to collected data on the same system, the ALE-70 is reported to be an RF towed decoy. In the latter case, the FOTD is to be driven by a technique generator on board the F-35, which could imply the use of an RF jammer”
[/I]http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Aircraft+self-protection+against+sophistication.-a0363687470
I’ll let others debunk the rest of your post with the exception of this:
exactly how many aircraft with AESA capable of jamming enemy radar do you think are in service right now? Hint, there’s not one typhoon with an AESA flying, and perhaps 2-3 rafale.[/QUOTE]
The latest article from that same source describes it as just an RWR. I’ve seen other sources confuse it with the DAS FWIW.
March 2010
http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/articles/19/Electronic-Warfare-Australias-mixed-record
April 2012
http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/articles/217/Electronic-Warfare
The AN/ASQ-239 Barracuda is based on the F-22 Raptor’s AN/ALR-94 suite, but is reportedly many times more sensitive than previous generations of RWR. The ten sets of RF antennae are distributed on the both wing leading and trailing edges and rear edges of the horizontal tail surfaces of the aircraft to collectively provide forward and aft Band 2,3,4 coverage. These locations provide excellent, almost spherical, spatial coverage allowing detection and geolocation of threats. Public data about this system is limited.
I can’t find anything about the cyberwarfare capabilities for the APG-81. ISR goes hand-in-hand with the cyberwarfare, since it essentially uses the same process except for transmitting valid information to friendlies.
A TRD isn’t really an expandable countermeasure in the sense I’m talking about, it’s expensive and less are carried. I was thinking more about something like BriteCloud.
http://www.selex-es.com/-/britecloudlaunch
Flares are useless against modern IIR seekers.
More than one isn’t unique and, as mentioned, the F-35 isn’t in service yet, Rafale is and Typhoon will have that capability, plus wider cyberwarfare capabilities for interfering with data-links (comms, GPS, missile INS guidance etc.) and passive RF detection systems by the time the F-35 enters service (2016).
http://www.armada.ch/aircraft-self-protection-sophistication/
I do not think that there has been much in the way of confirmation that the F-22 can use its radar in jam mode. And just to remind FBW and the other fans, the JSF is not operational.
Also, the ALR-94 was certainly hot stuff in its day in terms of ESM-like capability, and the ASQ-239 is also (no doubt) capable, the ROW has not been idle since the -239 spec was written.
I believe the -239 uses interferometry (sources state high accuracy without triangulation), like SPECTRA and Tranche 3 DASS, the -94 I’m not so sure, the 2deg accuracy stated on wiki suggests it doesn’t but who knows.
By all accounts the radar was intermittently broadcasting throughout the night. If the F-117 was carrying a decent RWR & datalinks then it would have marked the source and it would be avoided by all.
This is what I am talking about re: SA. The JSF carries a very robust ESM package and a LPI/Directional datalink which gives it the ability to share tracks and develop a precise location of all detected transmitters safely, long before they are in range.
Not if you’re up against an enemy with overlapping radar coverage and a variety of passive detection methods (e.g. Roke Manor anti-stealth system etc.):
http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N63/Stealth.63f.html
http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-10-19/super-radar-done-dirt-cheap
http://www.cassidian.com/en_US/web/guest/Passive%20radar%20from%20CASSIDIAN%20remains%20invisible
I assume the other side has similar tech.
Here is the source where the pilot, Dale Zelko, talks about that night and the events that led up to , during, and after the shootdown.
Nice link, I’ll listen when I get time.
The problem with these radars is not picking up. The problem is targeting!. To put it simply you can’t use these radars easily, effectively for targeting.
Targeting is tricky even for L-band ground stations
Tricky but possible and there’s nothing to stop ground stations guiding aircraft missiles as well as SAMs, depending on how linked-up the enemy is. Obviously it won’t work if the enemy is the aggressor on neutral grounds because they won’t have ground-based SAM radar in the vicinity but in a local conflict, or a pre-supplied area, it’s a valid problem.
.
Other than the F-117 which had a rather austere avionics suite (can’t even find confirmation that it had RWR fitted), I’m not sure how you’ve made this conclusion. The F-22’s AN/ALR-94 and the F-35’s AN/ASQ-239 are perhaps the most sensitive equipment on those jets. You’re going to find very little hard information about their capabilities in this area. And this part, , as of right now, this is a pretty unique capability, no?
ESM is not ECM. AN/ALR-94 and AN/ASQ-239 are detection systems AFAIK.
It’s only unique if you’re the only one that has it. The F-22 and Rafale already have AESA jamming capability and so will the Typhoon by the time the F-35 enters service. Sadly, for 3 of the aforementioned, it can only jam on the frontal +/-60deg arc. It’s also ineffective at low band jamming.
Not many AESA radars in operation today can perform jamming so its hardly a common capability.
Which ones can’t? Only one of the 4 above will have a more general cyberwarfare capability AFAIK but all can use their AESA radar to jam.
FIFY
Sounds more like a need for better SA than EW.
Not so much, it seems like the radar saw it from a good distance away, as could the destroyer’s radar (already discussed above). You will never have 100% SA and you may not be able to point the nose at all threats and there is a gap in low band jamming with the AESA. What’s missing is full 360deg wideband jamming and smart countermeasures if it all goes ****-up, which inevitably it always does at some point, sure as the sun rises and sets.
Its a somewhat risky strategy that Lukos…runways can be swept of submunitions within tens of minutes and small cratering repairs little longer. Digging up a runway means carving up the runway sub-base…its foundations…effectively. Knocking out air operations isnt the work of a couple of weapons with a sprinkling of bomblets. Its the work of a brigade targeting runway intersections, taxiways and aprons. One weapon from such an attack series going off course slightly, and I’m sure Russian weapons do just as much as everyone elses, hitting a residential block full of NATO personnel on a declared air-policing task and we have an immediate casus belli. Not very clever…unless the idea is deliberately to escalate into direct conflict.
I was assuming the conflict had already escalated, following on from previous page. Other warhead options include 700kg HE and EMP. Strike time 3-5 minutes. It’s my theory that in a theoretical escalated conflict, the Russian approach wouldn’t be to fight for air superiority, but rather prevent its use by platform elimination using long range missiles.
eerrr WHAT?
Apologies – some background is clearly required. I don’t know where the story originated and it’s certainly BS. It was actually spies in Italy:
http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?58606-How-did-the-F-117-get-shot-down
No, information about radar modification is fabricated by Zoltan Dani. Later he admitted that and other crew members confirmed it.
Okay, well that’s even worse for stealth planes. Aircraft with a purported RCS only 2.5 times that of an F-35 shot down by a Vietnam era SAM.
Hopefully one can see how this discussion is F-35 related despite appearing to be a diversion.
No aircraft is invisible to radar, the F-117 is optimised to work in a high threat environment but it isn’t impervious to risk. No he didn’t aim for the sky and an F-117 was just there. He worked his system effectively, used the data fed from the P-18 and then got lucky. The F-117 has had a hugely successful career, one shoot down under rather unique circumstances is not a sign of a failure in the system itself.
At 8nm an F-117 is not invisible to radar. That is the range that the aircraft was engaged by an Sa-3 battery, the second missile hit. During Desert Storm the L band 1022L radar on Royal Navy Type 42 destroyers were tracking the F-117A at over 150 miles out as they progressed down their strike corridors.
That doesn’t really sound like a hugely successful career. The enemies were hardly ‘top notch’ peer adversaries by any measure and the fact that last gen destroyers were seeing these things 150 miles away (if that’s true) is even more worrying for stealth aircraft. More accurate to say it had a very short career with limited success. No F-111Fs were lost in Desert Storm either and, over the same period, the far more heavily involved F-15E only suffered 2 losses in Desert Storm, and none in Allied Force or Iraqi Freedom. One of those 2 losses appears to have been a random wholesale AAA barrage (i.e. a fluke) and the other a more capable SA-2. Furthermore F-15Es were involved in SEAD, which is a far more dangerous role and the F-111 flew 4,000 sorties in Vietnam against concurrent technology SAMs with only 6 losses, as well as scoring 1,500 tank kills in DS, while also doubling up as an EW aircraft in later life. To me, those are far more successful careers.
Any reference for the 8nm range?
“The pilot of the F-117 visually saw both missiles that were launched at him but didn’t manoeuvre as per training as that would compromise what stealth he did have.”
I truly want a source, was this from the pilot ?
but guessing in the case of F-117, it is incapable of dodging anyway so he may indeed close his eyes and hope for the best,
or at least that it won’t be painful
It’s also common for stealth aircraft not to have very good ECM suites because it’s considered ‘unnecessary’. In either Air International or Combat Aircraft Monthly I read that the B-52H’s ECM suite is miles ahead of the B-2’s IBM 286-based counterpart. Similarly, F-35s and F-22s don’t have high-technology towed or expendable decoys. Nor do they have 360deg jamming AFAIK. They can only jam using the AESA radar across the frontal +/-60deg arc.
Iskander with nuclear warheads?
Not necessarily, plenty accurate enough to use conventional submunition warheads to take out runways.
Information about radar modifications are false. You have official statements from Zoltan Dani and his crew about radar modifications being fabricated.
By the BBC???
Where did I mention Greek spies? Not once on this forum! Others have pointed out that the NATO airbase the jets were based at could be easily watched, add to that only a narrow choice of strike corridors and the NATO strike packages got predictable in the congested airspace.
There was a prowler and an RC-135, neither were able to help that night. The F-16CJ Wild Weasel were indeed not deployed that evening.
Doesn’t change the fact that it was a massive fluke by Zoltan’s radar battery got that shot home.
Well either the aircraft is invisible to radar, or it isn’t. If a radar guided the missile to the target, what’s your explanation, he aimed for the sky and there just happened to be an F-117 passing in exactly the right spot at exactly the right time?????