gracias Matej 😎
tell me please, which one is that from Phazotron? (on the right)
pharaon or something?, doesnt look like zhuk to me… :confused:
Camaro

I’ll say that’s the Koyopo-F.

The electronically scanned Kopyo-F is still under development and is expected to cost around 50% more than the Kopyo-M. It is a lighter and more reliable set, coming in three versions that offer low, medium and higher ranges. With an antenna diameter of 440 mm, it is aimed for small nosed aircraft or as a rearward facing radar for the Su-30/Su-34 series.The transmitter has a peak power output of 4 kW and 0.4 kW average.

It has been offered to India for the LCA.

Here’s a pic >> http://www.acig.org/artman/uploads/rus_kf_002_001.jpg

PASSIVE VS. ACTIVE

Electronically scanned array antennas have been around since the 1950s in land-based and shipboard radar applications, but were slow to take hold in airborne applications due to volume and cost constraints.

Passive ESA radars, such as the U.S. Army’s Patriot and U.S. Navy’s Aegis, use a central transmitter and receiver like MSAs to feed their radiating elements, but steer the beam using an electronically controlled phase shifter placed immediately behind each radiating element. In the AESA radar, a small, low-power T/R module is placed immediately behind each radiating element, eliminating the central transmitter and receiver and the signal power losses that occur in the passive ESAs when the central transmitter distributes signals to the radiating elements and return signals are combined in analog form and sent to the central receiver. Historically, the central (traveling wave tube) transmitter and its high-voltage power supply have accounted for a large percentage of failures experienced in airborne radars.

Both passive and active ESAs offer higher reliability than MSAs because of their lack of moving parts and the fact that the phase shifters in the passive ESAs and the T/R modules in AESAs are inherently reliable. In addition, as many as 6 percent of the phase shifters or the T/R modules can fail without seriously impairing the radars’ overall performance. Both passive and active ESAs also offer more agile beam steering. For example, to jump the antenna beam from one target to another separated by 100 degrees, an MSA takes roughly a second. An ESA can do it in less than a millisecond. An AESA can even simultaneously radiate multiple, independently steered beams on different frequencies.

Aircraft that use passive ESA radars include the U.S. Air Force’s B-1B bomber and E-8 Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System, the Su-30 MKI and the French Rafale fighter.

Breakthroughs in T/R module manufacturing and miniaturization in recent years — Northrop Grumman and Raytheon use what they call sixth-generation T/R module technology — at last have made it feasible to fit large numbers of the modules in a lightweight AESA antenna in the nose of a fighter aircraft.

“To populate a radar with many hundreds of these T/R modules and getting them to act together is revolutionary. In fact, taking all the moving parts out of airborne radars is revolutionary,” said Scott Porter, director of aerospace business development at Northrop Grumman-Baltimore.

“For the same amount of real estate on an aircraft, especially fighters, you can cram a lot more of the T/R modules into an antenna and fill up more of the aircraft than you can with an MSA. Instead of one moving antenna with a transmitter black box behind it trying to pump out power, you now have many, many T/R modules mounted together in the same space all staring at the same place at the same time.”

AESA life-cycle costs are expected to be significantly lower than those of MSAs, Porter said, because their electronics will be more reliable and easier to fix than the moving parts in an MSA assembly. Indeed, Northrop Grumman is so confident in the reliability of the Joint Strike Fighter’s APG-81 radar that it may recommend that the nose radome be sealed. Though this would make it harder to repair the system, Northrop Grumman engineers say the radar will function properly for years, and that it could lose up to 6 percent of its T/R modules without affecting performance. “We don’t expect many radomes to be removed after our AESA radars are installed,” Porter said.

Similarly, Raytheon says the mean time between critical failures of its APG-79 radar going on the Navy’s Super Hornets is in excess of 15,000 hours of operation, and claims its AESA antenna might require no maintenance for 10 to 20 years.

Not much difference in range though :

Its also interesting that a Malaysian expert team thought the N011M Bars was as good as the AN/APG-79 AESA :

posted by NV on VKT’s blog >> http://kuku.sawf.org/Articles/388.aspx

According to the Journal of Electronic Defense, the Bars equipping the IAF MKI’s is equivalent to the AESA on the F/A 18 E/F’s:

From, JED
Malaysia turns to Russia for new fighters
Michal Fiszer, Jerzy Gruszczynski, Brendan P Rivers. Journal of Electronic Defense. Jul 2003.
http://www.edefenseonline.com

On May 18, in Kuala Lumpur, the Malaysian government signed a contract for delivery of 18 Su-30MKM multi-role fighters, for the sum of about $900 million, to be partially paid by the exchange of various goods, including palm oil. The first aircraft are to be delivered in the mid 2006.

Beating out the Boeing (St. Louis, MO) F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, the Su-30MKMs for Malaysia will be similar to the Indian Su-30MKI, with the N011M Bars M radar, equipped with a phased array antenna. A very capable radar, it was assessed by Malaysian specialists as equivalent to the planned AN/APG-79, which will be available in 2005-2006, and certainly surpassing the existing F/A-18E/F radar.

The Bars M can track up to 15 targets simultaneously, while still searching for other ones. It has range of 120-130 km against fighter-type targets head-on and a range of 60 km in chase.

How big an antenna can be fitted into the nose of an LCA

Harry’s article says that the antenna diameter of the LCA’s MMR radar is 650 mm.

Here are the relavent pages :

http://img525.imageshack.us/img525/9089/radar17qu.jpg
http://img525.imageshack.us/img525/8212/radar26sj.jpg

Check out this post be star49 >> http://forum.keypublishing.co.uk/showpost.php?p=841713&postcount=164

It reads :

MOSCOW. Jan 30 (Interfax-AVN) – The MiG-29M1/M2 (MiG-35) light multi-role fighter has the best chances to be selected as the winner in the Indian tender on acquisition of up to 200 light future-generation combat aircraft, a source in the international military-technical cooperation sphere told Interfax-Military News Agency Monday.

“[b]Licensing of active phased array airborne radars production to India is the prerequisite for tenderers who wish to be selected.[/b]:eek: It is exactly because of this condition in the tender dossier that almost all tenderers, who submitted applications initially, refused to continue the participation,” the source said.

According to him, the U.S. came with its F-16 fighter with an active phased array radar, but is reluctant to issue a license to India for radar production. That is why the F-16’s further participation in the tender is not yet certain.

The French Mirage 2000-5 does not meet the technical specifications of the tender in full, the source went on. “Only the French Rafale is equipped with an active phased-array radar, but it has not been submitted for the tender. Moreover, the French are not eager to hand over technologies either,” he said.

He also said that the main advantage of the Russian side is the readiness to hand over all manufacturing technologies on the aircraft to the customer.

So that’s why the Mirage-2000-5 threw in the towel citing some flimsy reason :rolleyes: and perhaps this is the reason that this happened : Rafale AESA development quickened

However, Gripen offers AESA as well 😎

NORA – ACTIVE ELECTRONICALLY SCANNED ARRAY
Ericsson’s future airborne radar is Not Only a Radar, NORA 😀 , but also a complete electronic warfare system including jamming and data communication. The new radar will use an Active Electronically Scanned Array, AESA, built up with approximately 1000 individual transmit/receive modules. The antenna, mounted on a single-axis platform, will give well over 200 degree coverage in azimuth. NORA will offer superior performance by virtue of a number of core capabilities at Ericsson – beam agility, beam widening, multi-channel processing, target-specific waveforms and low radar cross-section.

In addtion it also offers :
-High resolution air-to-air and air-to-ground modes
-Outstanding tracking performance
-Comprehensive ECCM
-High Reliability
-Full support for AMRAAM missiles
-Modular construction

MIDIS – MODULAR, MULTI-FUNCTIONAL DEFENSIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM
A new dimension in electronic warfare: MIDIS is a highly modular and multi-functional defensive information system that meets the requirements for situation awareness, survivability and sensor fusion in tomorrow’s dense and complex signal environment. MIDIS introduces new principles for signal selection and adaptive processing allied with [u]state-of-the-art technology of Ericsson’s in-house integrated Microwave MultiChip Modules (MMCM). [/u]

^^A new dimension in electronic warfare: MIDIS is a highly modular and multi-functional defensive information system.

MACS – MODULAR AIRBORNE COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Developed for the Gripen fourth-generation multi-role fighter, the Ericsson MACS is a standardized, highly modular multiprocessor real-time computer concept designed for severe airborne environments with their real-time applications. MACS meets all the requirements for demanding airborne situations and provides:

– High real-time performance
– Modular functionality and performance
– Low weight, volume and power consumption
– High reliability

^^Developed for the Gripen fourth-generation multi-role fighter, the Ericsson MACS is a standardized, highly modular multiprocessor real-time computer concept designed for severe airborne environments with their real-time applications.

Here’s a GREAT Gripen cutaway (1.5 MB jpg file !)

link

And the Americans were willing to throw in AESA for the Block-70 F-16 as well :

…The UAE is the only customer so far for the Block 60, but Lockheed is not ruling out offering the aircraft to India. “We don’t have a firm understanding of the requirement yet, but we will offer a couple of different configurations with a range of capabilities up to the Block 60’s [i]radar and systems,[/i]” says June Shrewsbury, F-16 programme general manager.
…
Lockheed Martin is flight testing the next step in capability for the F-16E/F Block 60 fighter. While the expanded Standard 2 capability is being flight tested, the final Standard 3 is in design. “Development is on course,” says

Standard 2 adds capability, including the internal forward-looking infrared and targeting system, integrated electronic warfare system, additional modes for the APG-80 active-array radar and automated modes for the digital flight control system.

“Standard 2 and 3 are for the most part software only,” says Franks, “although there is additional alternate mission equipment and weapons at Standard 3.” The final standard also includes additional automated modes. “We are developing and flight testing Standard 2, and in the middle of designing Standard 3, with the pieces coming together at the suppliers,” he says. Standard 2 will be available “in the first part of 2006”.

http://www.flightinternational.com/Articles/2005/11/22/Navigation/181/203125/Lockheed+takes+UAE+F-16EF+development+to+next+level.html

And here are the Block-60’s radar and systems :

> Northrop Grumman AN/APG-80 “Agile Beam Radar” AESA radar
> Northrop Grumman AN/ASQ-28 IFTS (Internal FLIR and Targeting System)
> F110-GE-132 turbofan, rated 32,500 lbs thrust
> New Modular mission computer has a processing throughput of 12.5 million instructions per second and provides sensor and weapons integration.
> ALQ-165 electronic countermeasures system, also known as the Airborne Self-Protection Jammer (ASPJ)
> New electronic warfare management system
> Fiber-optic avionics data bus
> Up to eight chaff/flare dispensers,
> New advanced friend or foe detection system
> New pilot-aircraft interface by incorporating three advanced 5-inch by 5-inch color displays.
+ Its range is extended with addition of fuselage mounted conformal fuel tanks and wing tanks.

The block 70 might have the M4.2+ avionics added to the above list as well, giving the airplane a swing role ability >>

The F-16 is a compact, multirole fighter aircraft designed to be highly maneuverable in air-to-air combat and air-to-surface attack. There are several versions of the F-16 used by the United States, including the Block 40 and Block 50.

The Block 40 F-16 primary mission fills the air-to-surface attack role, while the Block 50’s primary mission is destruction and suppression of enemy air defenses.

The M4.2-plus avionics upgrade combines both combat roles into a single fighter aircraft. The upgrade is being completed using spiral development, meaning all program stakeholders, including developmental testers, contractors and operational units work together early in the process to ensure testing is conducted more efficiently. This helps align operational objectives and is geared toward providing mature, stable systems to the warfighter as quickly as possible.

“The M4.2-plus upgrade achieves the goal of the Air Force’s F-16 Common Configuration Implementation Program to support common aircraft equipment and core avionics software capabilities,” said Shauna Urwiller, Global Power Fighters program manager from the 416th FLTS.

http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123011241

The above with tech transfer will make the block 70 irresistable IMHO.

And Lockheed seem pretty serious about, here’s why :

The potential for 126 jets is a significant program,” said Tom Jurkowsky, a Lockheed spokesman. “If we don’t get any more F-16 orders by 2005, we would have to take action to close the line. India is a market we want to pursue.”

http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/16/business/worldbusiness/16plane.html

US aviation manufacturer Lockheed Martin has offered to build “exclusive” F-16 fighters for the Indian Air Force, much superior to any existing fighters in service world over.

“.. we are prepared to make upgraded F-16s to India’s specifications with complete transfer of technology,” Mike Kelly, senior executive of Lockheed Martin.

“We are ready to develop new Block 70 for the IAF,” the Lockheed Martin official said.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1063113,curpg-1.cms

It is highly unlikely that the Russians will put an Israeli radar in the mig-35 when they are developing their own AESA.

I disagree.

Check these ststements – straight from the Horse’s mouth – Alexei Fyodorov, the general director of MiG corporation

“We will offer our MiG-35 multirole fighters with thrust vectoring control along with transfer of technology for indigenous production in India” Director General and Chief Designer of Russian Aircraft Corporation (RAC) ‘MiG’ Alexei Fedorov said.

“It has incorporated all the features of MiG-29M/M2 fighters developed on the basis of MiG-29 frontline fighter and today we can offer top-of-the-line multirole combat aircraft with in-flight refuelling” Fedorov said.

According to MiG Deputy Chief Designer Andrei Karasyov MiG-35 is capable of delivering all present and future weapons, since it has universal open architecture.

[u]”We are willing to integrate any system, as the user wants it.”[/u] [i][u]MiG officials expect India to ask for Israeli Elta radars[/u][/i], display components from France and weaponry of Russian origin. “We have not frozen the technology specifications,” said Fyodorov.

The Russians say they can offer the MiG-35 in a Brahmos-like package to India—transfer technology for manufacture within India, and jointly develop the aircraft further and sell it to third countries. “It is a double jump over the Sukhoi deal, so to speak,” said a senior official in Rosoboronexport, Russia’s defence export agency. The Sukhoi-30MKI also has thrust vector technology, but is limited to one direction. The technology installed in MiG-35 would allow 360 degree manoeuvrability. And, though the Sukhoi-MKI was developed jointly, there is no provision for joint marketing in the deal.

http://www.the-week.com/25sep04/currentevents_article1.htm

The proposed MiG-35 variant, which supersedes an earlier RSK MiG offer to India of the MiG-29M2, would be equipped with the MiG-29OVT’s RD-33MK all-axis thrust-vectoring engines, an active phased-array radar and have an airframe life of 6,000h 🙂 😮 . “We have delivered documents to India and are optimistic about the results of this tender,” says Fedorov. The design is expected to face competition from the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Mirage 2000, Lockheed Martin F-16, Saab Gripen and, potentially, the Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon to replace MiG-21s.

http://www.flightinternational.com/Articles/2005/12/06/Navigation/177/203439/RSK+MiG+sweetens+Indian+fighter+offer.html

Its not only Israel and Russia, even the UK is offering AESA radars for the Mig-35

Force Mag article of Jan 2006 :

Officials from UK-based SELEX Sensors and Airborne Systems disclosed that the company’s X-band Vixen 500E airborne active phased-array fire-control radar, competing against IAI/ELTA’s EL/M-2052 AESA radar, is being proposed for both the indigenous Tejas light combat aircraft and the [u]MiG-35[/u], while the Seaspray 7000E 360-degree AESA radar is being proposed for IN’s to-be-upgraded 20 AgustaWestland Sea King Mk42Bs as well as for the IN’s to-be-acquired maritime surveillance/ASW aircraft, for which Embraer’s P-99A and Dassault’s Falcon 900MPA are on offer.

More on the UK’s Selex Vixen 500E AESA >> http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets/Vixen500E.pdf

More Selex AESA/conventional radars >> http://www.selex-sas.com/pukrad_sas.html

India is also maturing in its thinking about indigenous missile defense capabilities. China’s Xinhua news agency (August 17) has reported India’s Defense Research and Development Organization had previously explored the possibility of integrating the “Prithvi” with Israel’s Green Pine radar array to create a missile shield.

http://www.afpc.org/mdbr/mdbr185.shtml

… the DRDO has been provided $596 million for their revenue account and $198 million for capital expenditure and this possibly includes a provision for the Anti Ballistic Missile Defence system being planned with Green Pine radar ..

http://www.indiadefence.com/Def_bud2003.htm

The Elta Green Pine early warning and fire control radar for the Arrow system can detect targets at ranges up to about 500km and is able to track targets at speeds over 3,000m/s. The radar illuminates the target and guides the interceptor missile to within 4m of the target.

The Arrow Weapon System features a state-of-the-art EL/M2080 L-band radar, Green Pine, based on the decades of experience in developing technological solutions for early warning and fire control defense systems.
The Elta Electronic Industries subsidiary of IAI Electronic Group developed the Green Pine early warning and fire control radar for the Arrow system. The radar carries the designation EL/M-2090 and includes the trailer mounted radar and antenna array, the power generator, a cooling system and a radar control centre.

Green Pine is an electronically scanned, solid state, phased array radar operating at L-band in the range 500MHz to 1,000MHz, and was developed from the Elta Music phased array radar. The radar operates in search, detection, tracking and missile guidance modes simultaneously.

The radar has the following features:

Phased array L-band radar
Dual mode operation – early warning and fire control
Long range acquisition capability – several hundred kilometers
Simultaneous tracking of dozens of Tactical Ballistic Missiles (TBM)
Clear discrimination between TBMs, aircraft and other missiles
ECCM capability
Transportability

India has placed an order for the supply of two Elta Green Pine [u]for use with India’s air defence system against ballistic missiles.[/u] The first was delivered in 2001. The Green Pine Radar system is already deployed in India. The radar system, developed for Israel’s Arrow anti-missile missile, is a transportable ground-based multimode solid-state phased array radar, capable of predicting impact points of incoming tactical ballistic missiles.

[u]The Green Pine radar’s strategic value along the Indian-Pakistani border is reportedly inestimable. “It covers all of Pakistan’s military command centers and bases between Islamabad, the capital, and the Indian frontier. The system reportedly provides India with surveillance of Pakistan’s nuclear centers and missile sites.[/u]

http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/surface_missiles/arrow/Arrow.html

Note : Prithvi ADS is said to be a new missile that RCI is working on. RCI says its better than both the PAC-3 and the S-300 and will be tested in a few months.

[size=5]Russia to upgrade 67 IAF MiG-29’s for $888 million[/size]

Full Article >>
Tuesday, 07 February , 2006, 12:10
New Delhi: India’s fleet of 67 MiG-29 multi-role fighters are all set to be refurbished for $888 million by Russian company RSK-MiG.

“The programme is part of the Indian Air Force’s long-term plan to modernise its fighter fleet with the aim of expanding its strategic reach, firepower and area of responsibility over the next decade as India’s burgeoning economy and regional importance proliferate,” a senior IAF officer said.

The upgraded MiG-29s will remain in service for 10-15 years. The programme includes fitting the MiG-29s with upgraded weapons and a new avionics suite, with the old N-019 radar being replaced by the Phazatron Zhuk-M radar. The MiG-29s will also be upgraded for mid-air refuelling to increase their endurance.

The IAF is currently refurbishing 125 MiG-21 Bis and 40 MiG-27ML fighters. These two jets are being equipped with advanced avionics, improved electronic warfare systems and precision weaponry to boost the IAF’s ageing combat fleet that also faces a sharp reduction in numbers over the next decade.

RSK-MiG will independently source the equipment that the IAF will select for fitting on the jets. In addition, it will carry out life-extension checks on the upgraded multi-role fighters that were first inducted into the IAF in 1986.

“The avionics architecture that the IAF is firming up will be a mix-and-match of Russian, local and imported systems that are likely to be sourced from France, Israel and possibly even the US 😮,” the official added.

Meanwhile, state-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)Managing Director KP Puri recently said that 94 of 125 MiG-21s had been upgraded to the MiG 21 ‘Bison’ standard at the HAL complex at Nasik. The remaining 29 jets would be upgraded by the end of the year.

US avionics on Russian jets – now that’d be a first.

I hope they replace the smoky RD-33’s with the newer variants of the same engine with 3D all aspect TVC, smoke free & anti-corossion chamber (seen on the Mig-35) as well.

I also hope this does not imply death to the Mig-35 in the MRCA.